Perception And Perception Of The Cognitive Development Of...

Both attention and perception are concepts that relate to the cognitive development of human beings. Both concepts contribute to our ability to control and direct the processing of stimuli, whether it is physical, visual, auditory or retrieved from stored memory. Perception is the ability to make sense of our surroundings, whereas attention is the ability to concentrate on any perceived stimuli. A link between perception and attention comes from an individual’s ability to choose which stimuli to allocate their attention towards. This ability is important due to the vast amount of information in which humans are presented with on a daily basis. By using selective attention, individuals are able to focus their attention on a specific†¦show more content†¦This is a lack of attention which is not caused by any visual or auditory deficits. It is when an individual fails to recognise an unexpected yet obvious stimulus. When there is too much stimuli for one to attend to, a ‘temporary blindness’ effect can occur and as a result individuals may fail to see unanticipated, yet obvious stimuli. There is a vast amount of research which suggests that no conscious perception can occur without attention. In Mack and Rock s (1998) study, subjects performed several trials of a length judgment task consisting of 2 lines in the form of a cross, presented on a computer screen. On one of the trials, an additional image was presented as well as the cross and participants were asked of their awareness of this. Results showed that a large percentage of participants failed to even notice the added figure, which suggests the existence of inattentional blindness. Mack and Rock (1998) therefore concluded that attention is needed for conscious perception. A similar conclusion was drawn by Rock and Gutman (1981) when they conducted a study where subjects were presented with a series of images of two overlapping lines. These were novel or familiar items and the lines were presented in different colours. The participants were instructed to only pay attention to one of the two lines, which caused inattention for the unattended figure. The results of Rock and Gutman’s (1981) study showed that participants

Epicac by Kurt Vonnegut - 897 Words

EPICAC is a short story which is written by Kurt Vonnegut and published in his book  ¨Welcome to the Monkey House ¨ (1968). This book is a collection of short stories with different themes from war-time epics to futuristic thrillers. This story was first published before in 1950 for Colliers Weekly. Kurt Vonnegut (1992-2007) is considered one of the most influential American novelists of the twentieth century. Some of his most important literary works are the following: Mother night (1961), Slaughterhouse-Five (1969) and Breakfast of Champions (1973). Summary of the story: The narrator begins by explaining his reasons for telling the EPICAC ´s story.†¦show more content†¦The designer of EPICAC is Von Kleigstadt who created it in order to be used to solve problems related to the war and any other subject. It could plot the course of a rocket from anywhere on earth. Evidence:  ¨Von Kleigstadt and the Brass wanted him to be a super computing machine that(who) could plot the course of a rocket anywhere on earth to the second button from the bottom on Joe Stalin ´s overcoat, if necessary ¨ (pages 297-298) Von Kleigstadt is inspired in two real persons. One of t hem is Wernher von Braun (1912-1977) who was a famous rocket engineer of the 20th century. He also was a member of the Nazi party and he worked for Adolf Hitler; he designed the V-2 rocket for him during the Word War II. Later, he was taken to the U.S. as part of the then-secret Operation Paperclip which was a program used to recruit the scientists of Nazi Germany for employment by the United States in the straight after the World War II (1939–45). Later, he became a naturalized U.S. citizen. The second one is J. Robert Opeinheimmer (1904-1967) who was an American theoretical physicist and professor of physics at the University of California,Show MoreRelatedEpicac Analysis1029 Words   |  5 PagesAnalysis of EPICAC A short story written by Kurt Vonnegut The short story EPICAC is written by Kurt Vonnegut. It is a fictional text about a very intelligent and expensive computer, EPICAC, built by Dr. Ormand Von Kleigstadt to solve complex worldly problems. The narrator works with EPICAC on the night shift along with another mathematician; Pat Kilgallen, whom the narrator wishes to marry, but because of his lack of romance and poetic skills she keeps turning him down. That is how one day theRead MoreThe Shah of Bratpur in Players Piano1601 Words   |  7 PagesOne literary technique that authors often employ is to use a character who is a â€Å"visitor† to provide insight into a society’s culture. In Kurt Vonnegut’s novel Player Piano, the author employs the Shah of Bratpuhr in such a manner. Instead of seeing a society that is better because of its reliance on machines, the Shah instead observes that the people of Ilium have become slaves to their machines instead. Instead of observing a society that worships a reli gious God and looks to him for inspirationRead MoreHumor And Science Fiction By Kurt Vonnegut1298 Words   |  6 PagesKurt Vonnegut was a very popular American writer. He wrote novels and short-stories filled with humor and science-fiction. His writing has become so iconic mainly due to his rule breaking literary innovation and the serious moral vision and cutting social commentary incorporated in his writing. One of the most recurring themes discussed by Vonnegut in his work is individuality. He constantly highlights the importance of individuality in an ironic way; by displaying the negative repercussions of anRead MoreEssay about The Role of Technology in Kurt Vonneguts Writing2806 Words   |  12 PagesbOutline/b br brThesis: Technology is the villain in Kurt Vonneguts works because of his hatred of corporate insensitivity and his awareness of the destructive social impact of science and technology. br brI. Kurt Vonnegut has a great awareness of the destructive social impact of science and technology. brA. Contraptions that Vonnegut calls social transplants replace contact with the awful real relatives and friends with synthetic ones. br1. Computers minimize human contact even

Role of Different Coaching Styles on Personal Development of Employee

Question: Discuss about theRole of Different Coaching Styles on Personal Development of Employee. Answer: Introduction It is efficient for John Lewis partnership to evaluate the skills which are lacking in the employees. This will help in developing their attitude which will result in higher efficiency in work (Leedham, 2005). Moreover, it will also assist in satisfying the customers to a greater extent as serving them is directly dependent on the skill set which needs to be acquired by the staff member. Further, different styles such as on the job training, coaching, greater leadership and team coaching will help the employees to attain the skills and become highly efficient in working. Project Title An investigation on assessing the role of different coaching styles on the personal development of employees. A case study of John Lewis partnership. Background And Research Problem Background The learning or personal development of employees plays a crucial role in the success of an organization. It motivates employees to contribute towards efforts towards achieving the long as well as short-term objectives so as to deliver right kind of products and services. The present research is based on John Lewis partnership which is retail organization deals with several kinds of products and services. This is business shed light on the development of employees and with this aim, it had conducted approximate face to face training sessions (Watt, 2004). At the same time, the company saw the drastic changes in the sales turnover by offering to learn among personnel. This is because 80% of the time of the selling coaches devoted to the development of the partners (John Lewis Partnership plc. 2017). This enables the corporation to integrate all related resources and ensure the continuous development of the employees by offering them learning (Abbott Rosinski, 2007). It proves to be e ffective in driving the valid outcome. In this regard, learning is offered by using varied kinds of coaching styles. Research problem The success of the retail industry is based on the efforts put by the employees who directly interact with customers. This aids to retain customers for longer time span. However, retention of customers is based on the retention of employees. Owing to this, it is crucial for management to ensure continuous improvement of the personnel by offering the training and development on time to time. At this juncture, development can be ensured through coaching and number of training initiatives (Auerbach, Stober Grant, 2006). This proves to be effective in developing the sense of achievement among personnel and they started contributing towards the success of the business. However, businesses which ignore the development of employees tend to face the lower profitability, dissatisfaction among employees and lower profitability. Owing to this, research problem is related to the personal development of the employees. Rationale Skilled and competent personnel better contribute towards the success of the business and learning serves as the motivation. The major issue associated with the company is related to the lower profitability and sales turnover. However, companies ensure the learning of employees but the poor selection of coaching style merely waste the time and sources. For this purpose, current research is being conducted to assess the impact of different coaching styles on the personal development of employees (Astorino, 2002). It would be effective to recommend the suitable ways through which management can retain and motivate personnel for the long time span. In this manner, the betterment of the businesses can be ensured with the increased rate of return. Project Aim And Objectives The aim and objectives of the current research are explained as follows- Aim To assess the impact of different coaching styles on the personal development of employees. A case study of John Lewis partnership. Objectives To assess the role of coaching for personal development of employees in the organization To evaluate the different coaching styles applied in the John Lewis Partnership To evaluate the impact of coaching style on the growth or development of employees working at John Lewis Partnership To recommend different ways to enhance personal development of employees at John Lewis Partnership Research Question What are the major role of coaching for personal development of employees in the organization? What are the different coaching styles applied in the John Lewis Partnership? What is the principle impact of coaching style on the growth or development of employees working at John Lewis Partnership? How John Lewis Partnership can enhance personal development of employees? Hypothesis Null Hypothesis (H0): There is no significant impact of different coaching styles on the personal development of employees of John Lewis partnership. Alternative hypothesis (Ha): There is a significant impact of different coaching styles on the personal development of employees of John Lewis partnership. Literature Review In this growing world, there is the high rate of competition among the people as well as in companies. Thus to sustain in the market, it is essential for the individual to grasp with latest skills and knowledge to acquire with greater opportunities. Further, in this assignment study is been made about different coaching styles which help to develop the personality of an individual. In this, a case study of John Lewis partnership is been taken to detail the about the topic. Berger (2006) stated that Marks Spencer is one of the most auspicious companies which take initiative for the development of there employees. Moreover, they feel that the development of the company is directly dependent on the practices which are carried in the firm. Further, motivating and personal development of employees plays a vital role for this. As per the opinion of the Bobick Berard (2011) feels that with better decisions regarding the development of employees will help to grow there value and motivate th em to work efficiently. John Lewis partnership highly focuses on the training and development of the employees in relation to their skills, corporate goals, attitude and working style which will help to attain the targets of the company in an efficient manner. Further, there are different schemes and methods which make their staff efficient enough and compete with the modern working (Benedicta, 2010). Further, personal development helps the employees as well as companies to enhance with there knowledge and come up with there talents which proves beneficial for the firm. According to Blattner, (2005) mentoring is one of the efficient styles which is been used by the firm to develop their skills to work more efficiently in the organisation. Moreover, it is the method which is practised while working in the firm. In this, the leaders mentor their subordinates for learning different methods and working with new technology equipment. This will assist them to develop their company to a gr eater level. As per the opinion of Brockbank McGill (2006), coaching is also an effective means which will enable them to develop personally as well professionally. In this, a qualified person is been appointed which train the employees about the latest technology and teach them about the different skill set that helps to come up with their talents and work more efficiently. In addition to this, the person who is appointed in John Lewis partnership at first they give them on the job training to them. In this, they train them from starting that is by giving orientation program to the process of doing work. Grant (2001) stated that giving training sessions to employees will help them to furnish their skills that will be beneficial for growing the company to a next level. Furthermore, John Lewis partnership is a worldwide brand which means that the people employed in this must serve the customers in the most efficient manner so as to maintain their dignity in the market. Thus for this, company take several measures to develop their skills personally so they can provide greater services. There are various types of coaching which help in making the employees develop their skills to a greater extent. Leadership coaching is one of the efficient ones in which an experienced coach is been appointed which have a better knowledge about the organisation and their ethics. They make them learn about different things which help in developing there personal values which have a direct impact on the functioning of the business. According to Hackman Wageman (2005) career coaching also help the employee s to focus on a particular target and make them learn the things which will help them to achieve the target. This is highly dependent on different skill set such as proper mentoring, advising and another psychometric tool which helps them to achieve their target goals. Thus, this method will assist the company to make their employees highly focused about their work and which will directly reflect the higher rate of sales. Moreover, this will satisfy the customers to a greater extent and help to earn more profits. In the opinion to Palus et al., (2003) team coaching also plays a crucial role in developing the personal attitude of the employees. In this, the person gives group training about the values and skills which need to be acquired by the staff to give better results to the firm. Further, leader's main aim is to achieve the greater performance of the employees so that they can achieve the target of the company. In addition to this, John Lewis partnership firstly evaluates the skills and development of employees which need to be polished. Thus, this will help to know the weak points of the staff which will to be developed. Further, they will develop the plans and schemes which need to be adapted to make them learn and polish their skills to provide greater services. Moreover, as per Miller (1990) personal development is highly beneficial for the person to come up with their hidden talents and different viewpoints that may help to increase their efficiency of doing work As per the requirement they set with the schemes and teaching plan which may result in most efficient manner so as to make them learn different skills and knowledge. This will help the staff to overcome their weak points and learn different things. Further, it will make them efficient enough in performing their task and serving the customers. Research Methodology Type of investigation The current study is based on the quantitative type of investigation as research is considering two aspects to assess the impact of different coaching styles on the development of employees (Miles, Huberman Saldana, 2013). It enables the researcher to assess the impact of one variable on other so as to accomplish the certain purpose of the research. On the other hand, qualitative type of investigation is applied to carry out in-depth analysis (Jahn, 2011). However, qualitative research is more suitable for the current study. Research approach There are research approaches such as inductive and deductive which are applied as per the requirement of the study (Sgier, 2012). In the current research deductive approach has been applied in which researchers first collect the secondary data and then reach to the specific outcome. On the other hand, inductive approach begins with the collection of the specific outcome so as to reach to the general outcome. Owing to this, a deductive approach is more suitable and it has been applied in the study. Research design The descriptive research design is applied to understand the characteristic of the population which is studying where explanatory research design provides the cause and effect relationship (Lacey Luff, 2001). This shows that explanatory research design is more suitable wherein research assess the effect or impact of coaching styles on the development of employees (Polkinghorne, 2005). This proves to be effective to accomplish the research aim and enable the scholar to apply the suitable strategies to select the right style of coaching. Data collection and data analysis Data collection is the process of collecting necessary information for the valid outcome. The current research is based on secondary data only wherein the information about John Lewis partnership and other organization has been collected (Hayes Sliwa, 2003). Furthermore, the outcome of the investigation is based on the past information, therefore, primary data are not selected. Owing to this, selection of secondary data can be justified. In this regard, journals, books and online articles are referred (Simmons, Nelson Simonsohn, 2011). On the other hand, data analysis has been carried out by using the statistical techniques such as correlation and regression. However, qualitative analysis is based on themes which are constructed in accordance with the questionnaire method. Owing to this, selection of quantitative method is more suitable to derive the valid outcome (Pausas Lavorel, 2003). Findings From The Secondary Data The outcome or analysis of the current study is based on the collection of secondary data. The following table is showing information collected from 42% employees who were asked to fill the questionnaire. With the collection of data, it has been found that 90% employees increased their confidence level with the help of training or learning methods. On the other hand, 80% participants found that communication skills were improved. In addition to this, 75% respondents learned from to explore their career opportunities. This effect is the outcome of the team and personal development coaching (Orodho, 2003). This enables companies to improve the internal performance of the business and bring drastic changes in the overall personality of the employees. This aids to create the competitive edge of the business and meet the expectations of all related stakeholders. Therefore, a finding of the study is showing positive changes in the personality of the employees or people who attended a train ing program. Table 1: Personal development through coaching Changes in the parameters Approved percentage of people Increase in the level of confidence 90% Learned to communicate effectively 80% Learned to deal with the conflicting situation 82% Enhances grasping power 80% Improved the decision-making process 97% Learned to explore the career opportunities 75% Understood to predict the changes in the workplace 85% The study conducted by to assess the impact of different coaching styles on the performance or development of the employees. For this purpose, two-way analysis of variance analyses has been applied on the 90% significance level. The below-mentioned outcome is showing that there is no statistically significant difference in the derived value of mean associated with the employee performance between varied coaching styles (business coaching and executive coaching style). This is interpreted with the help of p-value (0.097). Owing to this, it can be said that executive and business coaching cannot ensure the development or personal development of the employees working in the John Lewis partnership as it only provides them theoretical knowledge related to the business activities which might not be there in their interest areas. On the other hand, teach coaching and personal development coaching is statistically significant for the employee performance. This is because P value is 0.004 whe reby it can be analysed that self-personal development and team coaching facilitate to bring improvement in the performance of the employees. Figure 1: Two Way Analysis of Variance Test Results Figure 2: Multiple Regression Coefficient Results Tarur et. al., (2015) conducted multiple regression models in the study. The outputs are explained in the following graph. The standard deviation on average is showing that executive coaching tends to reduce the performance of employees by 0.018 where employees are reduced by 0.086 from business coaching. However, team and self-development coaching are contributing towards improving the performance of employees due to their attention to their growth and development. This proves to be effective in driving the valid outcome and supporting corporation in increasing overall rate return. This s because employees get the higher level of confidence with the help of cited coaching styles. Discussion Discussion of findings According to the collected information, it can be analysed that coaching should be directed towards the personal growth and development of the employees. This would be effective to enhance their level of confidence and support them in contributing towards the growth and success of the business. It proves to be effective in driving the valid outcome for the business. However, business-oriented coaching relatively less affects the performance of employees in a positive manner. Owing to this, a company can effectively assess the training need and accordingly personal development of personnel can be ensured. Furthermore, employees get the life-changing experience with the effect of training or coaching they go through at the workplace. This enables a corporation to integrate all related business activities and accomplish the specified objectives of the business. It leads to meet the expectations of stakeholders as the satisfied and highly skilled personnel automatically contribute towards the success of the business. Recommendation According to the collected information, it can be suggested to the management of John Lewis that business coaching should be integrated with the personal coaching. This will have the dual impact on the organization and employees both. It would be effective in bringing improvement in their personality. On the other hand, the effectiveness of coaching style should be assessed by reviewing the behaviour of employees through the observation method. It will be effective to understand that how communication skills or others things got improved. Moreover, the expert can be hired or called upon the requirement of the professional and personal development of the employees. This provides something extra to the personnel and increases their involvement with the organization. Future scope of the research The future scope of the research can be related to assessing the impact of different learning style on the performance of the employees. For this purpose, primary data can be collected from employees and management to assess that how productivity or performance of a business is improved after providing the training. On the other hand, research can be conducted to analyse the impact of on the job training on the performance of an overall organization. It would be effective for corporations to apply suitable strategies to maintain the competitive edge of the business. Limitations The entire study was based on the secondary data; however, the collection of primary data might provide the meaningful outcome by collecting information from employees itself. Yet, extensive efforts were put by the researcher to gather appropriate secondary data and meet the research objectives in the right manner. In addition to this, lack of enough time was another critical limitation. However, time availability provides the chance to the researcher to complete overall research in an effectual manner. Conclusion The aforementioned research concludes that business and personal development coaching contribute towards ensuring the development of employees. For this purpose, management should adjust another coaching accordingly which increases the interest of employees and they can improve the performance of a business. Furthermore, executive and business coaching should be provided in an effectual manner. It can also be said that coaching need should be assessed efficacy and effectiveness of applied coaching style can also be assessed so as to ensure optimum utilization of limited time. References Abbott, G., Rosinski, P. (2007). Global coaching and evidence based coaching: Multiple perspectives operating in a process of pragmatic humanism. International Journal of Evidence Based Coaching and Mentoring, 5(1), 58-77. Astorino, D. M. (2002). Executive Coaching and Adult Development: An Integration of Perspectives. Dissertation Abstracts International, 65(5), 261-263. Auerbach, J. E., Stober D., Grant A. M. (2006). Evidence based Coaching Handbook, New York, Wiley Sons. Benedicta, A.A. (2010). The impact of training on employee performance: A Case Study of HFC Bank (GHANA) Ltd Berger, J. G. (2006). Adult development theory and executive coaching practice. In Evidence based coaching handbook: Putting best practices to work for your clients, pages 77-102. Wiley. Blattner, J. (2005), Coaching: The successful adventure of downwardly mobile executive. Consulting Psychology Journal: Practice and research, 57 (1), 3-13 Bobick J. E., Berard G. L. (2011). Science and Technology Resources: A Guide for Information Professionals and Researchers. In Libraries Unlimited. California. (1):13-16. Brockbank, A., McGill, I. (2006). Facilitating Reflective Learning Through Mentoring and Coaching. London. Grant, A., M., (2001), Towards a Psychology of Coaching, Coaching Psychology Unit,University of Sydney, pp.1-55. Hackman, J. R., Wageman, R. (2005). A theory of team coaching. Academy of Management Review, 30, 269287. Hayes, K. R., Sliwa, C. (2003). Identifying potential marine pestsa deductive approach applied to Australia.Marine Pollution Bulletin,46(1), 91-98. Jahn, D. (2011). Conceptualizing Left and Right in comparative politics: Towards a deductive approach.Party Politics,17(6), 745-765. John Lewis Partnership plc. (2017). Available at: https://www.johnlewispartnership.co.uk/content/dam/cws/pdfs/financials/annual-reports/jlp-annual-report-and-accounts-2017.pdf. [Accessed on 6th October 2017]. Lacey, A., Luff, D. (2001).Qualitative data analysis(pp. 320-357). Sheffield: Trent Focus. Leedham, M. (2005). The coaching scorecard: a holistic approach to evaluating the benefits of business coaching. International Journal of Evidence Based Coaching and Mentoring, 3(2), 30. Miles, M. B., Huberman, A. M., Saldana, J. (2013).Qualitative data analysis. Sage. Miller, D. J., (1990). The effects of managerial coaching on transfer of training. Dissertation Abstracts International, 50(8), 2435A. Orodho, A. J. (2003). Essentials of Educational and Social Sciences Research Method. Nairobi: Masola Publishers Palus, C. J., Horth, D. M., Selvin, A. M., Pulley, M. L. (2003). Exploration for development: Developing leadership by making shared sense of complex challenges. Consulting Psychology Journal: Practice Research, 55(1), 26-40. Pausas, J. G., Lavorel, S. (2003). A hierarchical deductive approach for functional types in disturbed ecosystems.Journal of Vegetation Science,14(3), 409-416. Polkinghorne, D. E. (2005). Language and meaning: Data collection in qualitative research.Journal of counseling psychology,52(2), 137. Sgier, L. (2012). Qualitative data analysis. Simmons, J. P., Nelson, L. D., Simonsohn, U. (2011). False-positive psychology: Undisclosed flexibility in data collection and analysis allows presenting anything as significant.Psychological science,22(11), 1359-1366. Taruru, I., Keriko, J. M., Ombui, K., Karanja, K., Tirimba, O. I. (2015). Effects of coaching programmes on employee performance in business process outsourcing subsector of Nairobi city county, Kenya.International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications. Watt, L. (2004) Mentoring and coaching in the workplace. Canadian Manager, Fall, 29(3), pp 14-16 Wilson, W., Lawton-Smith, C. (2016). Spot-Coaching: A new approach to coaching for organisations operating in the VUCA environment.International Coaching Psychology Review,11(1), 24-38.

The Best Award free essay sample

I saw him approaching walking awkwardly with his usual dole expression. Coach had just told us to find a partner for the upcoming doubles tournament. For a split second, I looked around for one of my friends who would assure me a competitive edge in the games. Rudyard Kipling once said, â€Å"I always prefer to believe the best of everybody, it saves so much trouble†. As Frank made eye contact with me, I realized that I couldn’t turn my back on him. Little did I realize that by making the best of the situation and in seeing the best in Frank, the rewards would be even greater than I expected. I use to play tennis for the Queensberry Country Club over the summer, and there was a lot of anticipation about the doubles tournaments in July. We all expected to be on the stage at awards night being announced the double champions of the summer. We will write a custom essay sample on The Best Award or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page I knew that Frank had asked me to be his partner because I would often stick up for him when others teased him. While others would be entertained by his defensive behavior, I sympathized with him. At first I was concerned on how we would do in the tournament, even if we would win the first game. Then I told myself that it would make Frank really happy if I said yes because I knew that nobody else would accept him as a partner. I told him I would be his partner, and for the first time I saw a real smile on his face. I may have been kissing my chance at the championship goodbye, but I felt proud of myself for making Frank happy. Our first game of the tournament was two days later, and I was very nervous about how we’d do. To my surprise, Frank had some nice overheads and forehand shots. I told him he did a good job, and he played better than I had ever seen him play before. As I kept encouraging Frank, he in return complimented me on my playing. Shot after shot, positive energy flowed between us as we started to believe that we could actually win this game together. We won the whole tournament. We were both very excited about being the champs, but that was not the only reason I was happy. By being Frank’s partner, I did more than help him win the tennis tournament and improve his tennis skills. He started to get along with the other kids better. By being nice to him and complimenting him on his playing, I was able to help Frank see the best in himself, as well as see the good things in other people. Awards night that year was like no other. The other team members gave us high fives as we proceeded to the stage. As Frank held the trophy above his head (and I stood by his side smiling), the whole crowd chanted his name. I looked around and saw that everyone was genuinely happy. The atmosphere in the club had been transformed for all of us. Though it was difficult, I was glad that I had made the decision to be Frank’s partner that day. We shouldn’t be so quick to judge others. Everybody has positive attributes that we can recognize, respect and enjoy. Frank wasn’t very athletic, but with my encouragement and friendship, he began to believe in himself and his abilities. When other people believe in us, it inspires us to keep going and try harder. We can accomplish anything as long as we have the support and friendship of others. By recognizing the best in everyone, we not only have an impact on our direct relationships, but perhaps an effect on our communities, as well. I know there will be a lot of Franks in my life, and I’ve learned that embracing their differences can enrich my own life.

Huck Finn Escape free essay sample

How do Salinger and Twain present the ideas of escape in the two novels? First of all the two authors wrote their books in different times and their ideas of escape will differ, for example Huck was written in the late 1800’s when slavery was still rife in many of the southern regions of America the idea of escape has a literal meaning. Alternately to this Catcher in the Rye was written in the 1940’s and depicts the societies of the then modern America. The ideas of escape were mainly within Holden’s head and not literal forms of escape. Huckleberry also wants to escape the adult control he has experience, he wishes to have a life in which he is a wanderer and regards all the things that society believe as right as oppressive and evil. Similarly to Huck, Holden wants to flee the world of expectations set by his parents and his private boarding school. We will write a custom essay sample on Huck Finn Escape or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page He leaves school early before Christmas and experiences a sequence of unforeseen problems and in consequence his ends up in a psychiatric home with no hope left of his wanted freedom. One of the most visible similarities between The Catcher in the Rye and The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn is the way in which the authors use the protagonists as a means to comment on the society of the time in which they were set. However, Holden can be criticised for being excessively judgmental setting him apart from the world of Huck who in comparison is much more descriptive than hypocritical. Whether it would be his older brother D. B. who Holden labels a â€Å"prostitute† for moving to Hollywood, his teachers who act different or â€Å"phony† in class, he seems to have a negative comment for almost anyone and everyone he meets. This could be due to his psychological issues he’s suffering with. Not knowing whether he wants to be an adult or a child, his constant grasp on his childhood whilst heading into his certain adulthood. For example when he’s with Phoebe at the carrousel he wants to join her and revel in his childhood but knows he can’t do that because of his age. Alternatively Huckleberry’s escape is physical compared to Holden’s; Huck is running away from his childhood contrary to Holden who wishes to hold on to it. Huckleberry wishes to grow up quickly and have his own life and take care of himself at just the tender age of 13/14. He wishes to rid himself of anyone’s hold on him, including the widow and his own Pap. His pap being the main person Huck wishes to flee from, he takes it upon himself to cut his way out of the shack he’s been sharing with his father and take supplies to hide is his boat that he acquired. This show’s his level of maturity and that he old before his time and isn’t really appreciative of his childhood. They both have concepts of family but both boys have different appreciations of theirs. For instance Huckleberry doesn’t appreciate his Pap or even his guardian the Widow, who could be classed as his extended family. The only person we could say that he appreciates or even loves is Tom Sawyer, his best friend whom he classes as a brother. Holden, on the other hand very much loves his family mainly his younger sister Phoebe and his younger brother Aliie whom he misses dearly after his premature death. In Catcher we see Holden’s family as one of the typical middle class families of the time. The boy’s dialects also show their mental and physical states. Huckleberry’s dialectal form is rushed and his narrative is almost as if he is hurrying through his escape and not speaking as if he is making it up as he goes along. It’s as if he has planned his escape and by him using abbreviations such as ‘yo’ for you helps the speed of his escape seem like its flowing and not stop starting and getting himself off on a tangent like Holden does constantly. For example with Holden he speaks naturally and describes all the other characters naturally, like someone would when they are describing another person in a conversation. His language is normal for him at the time in which the book is set. He has minimal use of expletives but he uses the word ‘goddam’ an awful lot, he uses it to put emphasis on the things he is saying. Huck’s dialectal form is one that appears to be ill educated as he wishes to not have to go to school as he see’s it as something anchoring him to his childhood when that is all he wants to escape from. Holden however goes to a private boarding school and the only subject he is doing well in is English, he has very good spoken and written dialect compared to Huck. However he still gets kicked out before Christmas because of his lack in good grades in other subjects. Having this happened more than once, Holden then decides he’d rather let his parents receive a letter from his school before he arrives home for Christmas and decides to spend time in new york again trying to escape from his childhood but ends up still wanting to be young. This has repercussions for the rest of the novel. The boy’s sentence structure when they speak has to do with their dialect as well. Holden’s sentences are shorter when they’re full of emotion and longer when he babbles on about nothing. This is opposite to the more conventional way of forming sentences where longer sentences are used to convey emotions and shorter sentences convey confusion. This also show’s Holden’s mental state is deteriorating. Huck’s syntax is a mixture of shorter and longer sentences to make the novel flow at a speed in which Huck’s dialect makes it feel like it is going. The boy’s also have two continuous objects that stay with them throughout their journey’s of escape. Huckleberry has his canoe boat, which he uses for his physical escape and hides in when the widow and his pap are looking for him. The boat is Huck’s safe zone and it is the anchor in which his escape is built around. He uses it to prepare his escape and to make his get away as well as get him to the island where he reconnects with Jim, and they hide out. Holden’s constant object is his Red hat which he bought in New York on his fencing trip. The hat stays with him all the way through the novel and he uses it as a shield at time, from the things that are happening around him. The hat is his safety blanket, it would seem. He can’t be without his hat. During the carrousel section of the novel, Phoebe gives Holden his hat back and even though he is stood out in the rain watching his younger sibling have fun and relive her own childhood, he is happy because he has his hat back. Even though the rain is pouring down on him his hat is on his head shielding him from the bitter weather, which could be seen as a metaphor for his adulthood, and his hat is preventing that from taking over him. In conclusion both Authors character’s struggle with their escape, but in very different ways, Huckleberry struggles to escape the childhood oppression that he is experiencing. Holden just wishes everyone would let him stay young and hold on to his favourite time, which was his childhood instead of being forced to become a adult which he despises.

Definition and Examples of Correctness in Language

Definition and Examples of Correctness in Language In prescriptive grammar, correctness is the notion that certain words, word forms, and syntactic structures meet the standards and conventions (that is, the rules) prescribed by traditional grammarians. Contrast correctness with grammatical error. According to  David Rosenwasser and Jill Stephen, Achieving grammatical correctness is a matter of both knowledgehow to recognize and avoid errorsand timing: when to narrow your focus to proofreading (Writing Analytically, 2012). Examples and Observations It is in vain to set up a language police to stem living developments. (I have always suspected that correctness is the last refuge of those who have nothing to say.)(Friederich Waismann, Analytic-Synthetic V. Analysis, 1952)Concern with correctness, whether mechanical, logical, or rhetorical, is in no way illegitimate or suspect. Virtually all educators evaluate student writing for correctness of spelling, grammar, or logic. What generates the distinctive pedagogies of clear and correct writing is not a concern with correctness that no one else shares, but the rather less widespread notion that rules are somehow context-neutral, that they can be taught by themselves and then applied elsewhere.(Dennis McGrath and Martin B. Spear, The Academic Crisis of the Community College. SUNY Press, 1991)School Grammar and CorrectnessIn nearly every instance, school grammar is traditional grammar. It is concerned primarily with correctness and with the categorical names for the words that make up sentences. Thus, students study grammatical terms and certain rules that are supposed to be associated with correctness. Grammar instruction is justified on the assumption that students who speak or write expressions such as He dont do nothin will modify their language to produce He doesnt do anything if only they learn a bit more grammar. . . .Although most teachers in our public schools continue to prescribe language, linguists dropped prescription long ago, replacing it with the concept of appropriateness conditions. This expression signifies that language use is situation specific and that there is no absolute standard of correctness that applies to all situations. People modify their language on the basis of circumstances and dominant conventions . . ..(James D. Williams, The Teachers Grammar Book. Lawrence Erlbaum, 1999) Three Kinds of Rules Most of our attitudes about correctness have been encouraged by generations of grammarians who, in their zeal to codify good English, have confused three kinds of rules:A few date from the twentieth century:But since grammarians have been accusing the best writers of violating such rules for the last 250 years, we have to conclude that for 250 years the best writers have been ignoring both the rules and the grammarians. Which is lucky for grammarians, because if writers did obey all their rules, grammarians would have to keep inventing new ones, or find another line of work.(Joseph M. Williams, Style: The Basics of Clarity and Grace. Longman, 2003) Some rules define what makes English Englisharticles precede nouns: the book, not book the. These are the real rules we violate only when we are tired or rushed. . . .A few rules distinguish Standard English from nonstandard: He doesnt have any money versus He dont have no money. The only writers who consciously follow these rules are those striving to join the educated class. Schooled writers observe these rules as naturally as they observe the real rules and think about them only when they notice others violating them.Finally, some grammarians have invented rules they think we all should observe. Most date from the last half of the eighteenth century: Dont split infinitives, as in to quietly leave.Dont use than after different, as in This is different than that. Use from.Dont use hopefully for I hope, as in Hopefully, it wont rain.Dont use which for that, as in a car which I sold. Freshman Composition and Correctness Composition courses provided a means to teach larger numbers of students at once, assessing their success by measuring their adherence to prescribed standards. . . . [M]any schools [in the late 19th century] began instituting Freshman Composition classes that focused more on correctness than invention. For example, Harvards course English A, initiated in the 1870s, focused less on traditional aspects of rhetoric and more on correctness and formulaic responses. The concept of discipline had changed from moral and religious discipline, codes of conduct and virtue, to mental discipline, means of working with repetitive drills and exercises.(Suzanne Bordelon, Elizabethada A. Wright, and S. Michael Halloran, From Rhetoric to Rhetorics: An Interim Report on the History of American Writing Instruction to 1900. A Short History of Writing Instruction: From Ancient Greece to Contemporary America, 3rd ed., edited by James J. Murphy. Routledge, 2012)

Lululemon exploration of England Internal Analysis Case Study

Lululemon exploration of England Internal Analysis - Case Study Example VRIO Analysis VRIO framework is a tool for analyzing a business’s internal strength to cater a particular market. When a firm uses VRIO framework for its internal analysis, it evaluates all the resources and capabilities of a business, ignoring the strategic position of the business. The term VRIO is an acronym for: 1. V: Question of firm’s value 2. R: Question of firm’s rarity 3. I: Question of firm’s Imitability 4. O: Question of firm’s organization (Kazmi, 2012). VRIO Analysis of Lululemon Athletica Question of Lululemon’s Value Lululemon is multinational sports apparel brands incorporated in Canada, Australia and United States of America. The strength that the company has gained by operating in these three countries has added to the experience and skills required to compete at international level with sports specialty brands. Moreover, the work force that the company possesses also provides an opportunity to Lululemon to prosper in England’s premium sports market. The financial strength of the company at the moment also adds to the value of its capability to compete with other premium brands in England. Keeping in view the trends in the English premium sports apparel market, a number of opportunities are present to be exploited by Lululemon such as technological advancements, cultural fusion, strong economic outlook and opportunities for international marketing through international events in the country (Lululemon Athletica, 2012). ... Moreover, Lululemon also provides its customers on-sight physical exercise facility, running clubs and yoga sessions to familiarize the customers with the athletic environment and why it is necessary for them to have yoga and athletic sportswear of Lululemon. Moreover, Lululemon also creates rarity in the sense, that it offers its products in its own stores, thus establishing a vertical retail strategy that allows the company to have more control over its operations than others  (Lululemon Athletica, 2012). Question of Imitability of Lululemon’s Products and Strategies Lululemon is a premium brand offered at premium prices which makes it near to impossible for the competitors to imitate. Lululemon believes on community involvement in its business and thus allows others to imitate its products or technology used to manufacture products. This business practice is in alignment with Lululemon’s â€Å"doing-the-right-thing† initiative. The aim was to support comm unity members to take active part in achieving excellence in healthy habits. But the competitors find it difficult to imitate Lululemon’s products or strategies because it is very costly and requires great set of skills to produce a Lululemon’s product (Lululemon Athletica, 2012). Question of Lululemon’s Organization The way Lululemon has structured its organizational hierarchy facilitates smooth functioning of the business. The head-quarter is stationed in Canada where the product designing and concept manipulation is carried out. Moreover, the headquarters also handles the financial controlling function of the business. Whereas the business in Australia,

Managerial Accounting Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Managerial Accounting - Assignment Example 5. Machine requirements Man hour costs 1,000*15=$15,000 1,000*12.50=12,500 2,500 Man hour costs forms part of direct labour costs since it must be met for the process to take place. 6. Engineer’s charges Monthly salary= 42,000/12=$3,500 This forms part of the indirect labour cost since it is not primary for the initial stage of the project. (ii) The valuation in the context of the proposed tender is valid hence need to be considered by the company. The direct costs being considered on the basis of absorption cost are lower than the overall revenues expected from the entire project. Direct material A is the direct material A available in stock and awaiting to be used in the manufacturing process. Direct material B is the direct material B available in stock and awaiting to be used in the manufacturing process. Direct Labour is the amount of direct labour that will be used in the production process to generate initial revenue. (iii) Revised schedule Engineering specification 2,0 00 Direct material A 72,000 Direct Material B 3,000 Components 9,000 Direct Labour 15,000 Supervision 400 Machine hire 3,000 Overhead costs 6,500 Total 110,900 (b) . Total revenue from the project $100,000 Direct material A 72,000 Direct Material B 3,000 Direct Labour 15,000 Supervision 400 Machine hire 3,000 Overhead costs 6,500 (99,900) Profits $100 The expected profits is higher than the actual profits which will lead into conflicts. Absorption costing basis tends to inflate the profits thus making them higher than the actual. (c) Non financial matters for consideration Effects on creditors The firm must adequately consider the impact its operation will have on its creditors. Labour relations. This is not financially related but it largely affects how a firm can manage to achieve its goal. 2. Althepal Ticket sales earnings (500*5) ?2,500 Food & drinks (500*3) ?1,500 Althepal’s hiring cost ?375 Special licence- ?25 (?1,900) Expected Profits ?600 McBoy Ticket sales earnings (250*5) ?1,250 McBoy hiring cost and transport (?150) Expected Profits ? 1,100 Break even point Althepal X= 400/(5-3)=200 units McBoy=150/(5-3)=75units Margin of safety Althepal 400-200=200 McBoy 150-75=75 Analysis By considering the expected profits from each of the two options, McBoy will result in higher profits than Althepal hence it should be undertaken. The expected profit of Althepal is greatly reduced due to the cost of providing the drinks and food as well as the cost of special licence charged for the sale of drinks. Both the margin of safety and break even point for both options are the same indicating that there are no external costs incurred. 3. Internal Rate of Return Definition There are basically many methods used in capital budgeting to determine the viability of investments such as Net Present Value (NPV), Payback Period (PP), Modified Internal Rate of Return (MIRR), Profitability Index (PI) and the internal Rate of Return (IRR). All these techniques aim at guiding a firm on the right choice to make when deciding on the best project to undertake. However the decisions on which technique to rely on depend on the

Corporate Social Responsibality Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5250 words

Corporate Social Responsibality - Essay Example The need for organizations to undertake socially responsible activities has been discussed in literature and has been a topic of academic study for a number of years. The main objective of business is to produce the goods and services that society needs. But at the same time there is a mutual dependence between business and society so as to have a stable environment with an educated workforce. A business or enterprise only contributes fully to a society if it is efficient, profitable and socially responsible. That is the basic idea of CSR is that business and society are interwoven rather than distinct entities (Galbreath, 2006). There are various definitions of CSR. The ethical behaviour of a company towards society, management acting in a responsible manner its relationships with other stakeholders who have a genuine interest in the business and CSR is the continuing commitment by business to behave ethically and contribute to economic development while enhancing the quality of life of its employees and their families as well as of the local community and generally towards the society at large' are some of these definitions. The areas touched upon by advocates of CSR includes issues such as employee relations, corporate ethics, plant closures, human rights, community relations and the environment. According to CSR Europe, a membership organisation of large companies across Europe, in their guidelines emphasize on the following areas: community, workplace (employees), environment, marketplace (customers, suppliers), ethics and human rights. Whether or not business should undertake CSR depends upon the financial strength of the company that is adopted. Those who adopt the neo-classical view of the company would believe that the only social responsibilities to be adopted by business are the provision of employment and payment of taxes. A different view of the company following the behavioural theorists might look at corporate social activity from a viewpoint that looks at the political aspects and non-economic influences on managerial behaviour. Some of the key CSR principle areas that have been cited in recent times are: To carry out organizational functions ethically and with honesty. To treat all employees fairly and equally so that they become efficient. To help protect the environment for future generations. To be concerned about the surrounding community. To respect basic human rights. (02). Analysis 2.1. Stakeholder Theories The Stakeholder Theory of a company is used identify those groups to whom the firm should be responsible. The responsibility includes a responsibility for the natural environment. Decisions should be taken in the wider interest and not just the narrow shareholder interest. The company can be defined as a series of connections of stakeholders that the managers of the firm try to manage. That is any group or individual who can have an impact or is affected by the achievement of the company's goals (Clarkson, 1995). Stakeholders are normally categorised into primary and secondary stakeholders. Primary stakeholders are the ones whose participation is vital for an organization to sustain as a growing concern. They include the likes of employees, suppliers, investors, customers and shareholders together with what is

Eyewitness Testimony In Children

Eyewitness Testimony In Children Memory is not reliable; memory can be altered and adjusted. Memory is stored in the brain just like files stored in a cabinet, you store it, save it and then later on retrieve and sometimes even alter and return it. In doing so that changes the original data that was first stored. Over time memory fades and becomes distorted, trauma and other events in life can cause the way we store memory to become faulty. So when focusing on eyewitnesses, sometimes our memory will not relay correct information due to different cues, questioning, and trauma and so forth, which makes eyewitness even harder to rely on. Although memory is highly unreliable and hence affects the validity of eyewitness it is still applied in the criminal justice system. Jurors are significantly inclined to believe and follow eyewitness evidence; this is quite unnerving because the criminal justice system, laboratory studies and field studies supports the conclusion that eyewitnesses regularly make errors. A vast amount of studies have found that eyewitness misidentifications are the most common cause of wrongful convictions and by using forensic DNA testing, they have found that this have accounted for more convictions of innocent persons than all other factors combined (Innocence Project, 2009; Wells, Memon, Penrod, 2006). Social scientists and members of the legal profession have turned their attention to whether they can rely on the ability of young children to provide accurate eyewitness testimony. They have focused on many cases relying on evidence provided by child witnesses, some of these cases are those of physical or sexual abuse. These have helped bring to the front issues relating to the accuracy and reliability of such eyewitness reports (Ceci Bruck, 1993). As a result there has been a related increase of scientific studies of childrens eyewitness competences, with results indicating that very young children perform significantly worse than younger adults. In line-up identification studies, young children perform at a similar level to young adults when the line-up presented contains the actual culprit but commit more false identifications when it does not (Pozzulo Lindsay, 1998). There are number of reasons behind why a child will provide more incorrect eyewitness information, some of these reason are: misleading suggestions by the interviewer, false memories, sexual or some other form of abuse, the presence of someone in authority such as uniform police, attention or lies. Many things may render the allegations made by children as unreliable. First, Researchers believe that children make the assumption that an adult would not provide the task if the target was not present, so when the children are presented with the line-up array it suggests to the children that the adult expects them to choose someone from the line-up. Therefore the children then will choose someone to avoid either disappointing the adult and at the same time avoiding to admit to uncertainty, or they may even choose someone that looks similar to the target they have seen before. They have also noted that young children may feel pressured to make identification regardless of whether the perpetrator is in fact recognised at all. According to (Davies 1996) the reason children turn towards choosing in identification line-ups is due to feeling pressured or being required to respond to questions regardless to the fact if the target is present or absent. This is also supported by the study by Pozzulo and Lindsay (1997), and they noted that due to the fact that adults are seen as an authority figure or a person to be respected and of status, children fail to realize that I do not know is an available option as a response and so they are less inclined to respond using I do not know and so may be less likely to use it in comparison with adults, whereas adults may not feel that pressure of having another adult present and will not feel that they have done something wrong by admitting that they are not certain of the target. As mentioned before it is acknowledged that there is a growing number of case studies evidently reveal that mistaken identifications made by child witnesses contribute to a failure to achieve justice. This can be seen in many examples such as, Gene Bibbins served 15 years of a life sentence after being convicted based primarily on a mistaken identification made by a 13-year-old victim; Jimmy Ray Bromgard served 14 years of a 40-year sentence based on a mistaken identification made by an 8-year-old victim; Danny Brown served 18 years of a life sentence after being convicted based on a mistaken identification made by a 6-year-old eyewitness; and Larry Youngblood served 9 years of a 10-year sentence based on a mistaken identification made by a 10-year-old victim. DNA evidence has afterwards proven the innocence of all these persons. So after seeing all these false identifications and wrongly accused persons it is unclear as to why the criminal justice system continues to rely on this me thod. Another reason why young childrens memory recall is unreliable is that they lack some sort of understanding of what information needs to be provided in response to questions that are open-ended (Saywitz Snyder, 1996). In the UK a huge number of line-up identifications involving children are carried out by police officers wearing uniform. Researchers carried out a study examining the possibility that wearing a uniform contributes an authority figure cue that affects a childs ability in some way to make accurate eyewitness identifications. They carried out a study where sixty participants aged 9-10 years old would witness a staged crime and were later on be asked to identify the criminal from a line-up. They used four conditions in order to do so, this was a two (2) (uniform: present vs. absent) ÃÆ'- two (2) (target: present vs. absent) design. They found that children in the uniform present conditions made significantly more choices than children in the uniform absent conditions. More significantly they found that in the presence of a uniform, children made more significant false identifications in target-absent line-ups. This therefore suggests that the children experienced uncertainty if the tar get was absent from the line-up and this may be because they were looking to some authority figure to somehow ensure them that the possibility of the burglar being present was high, but this uncertainty was not expressed when the line-up administrator wore a uniform because the that authority figure was present, leading to an increase in false identifications. It was also found that children feel that they are helping the police, and in the eyes of children this will be deemed as something highly important and so they will not want to disappoint them in any way. They also assume that the police may have already arrested the guilty persons and need some final confirmation to be able to convict them (informational influence; cf. Steblay, 1997). Therefore in some way they have relied on the police and believe that no mistake was made. The heightened levels of uncertainty and stress in the target-absent condition could be interpreted as that they may be failing to make a proper the identification as there was nobody who they may have been assisting such as the police or an adult and at the same time found no one who matched their memory of the target. Trying to appear knowledgeable they would then have lowered their identification threshold and therefore wrongly identify someone. Another point looked at on why children give false recollections can be looked at in terms of sexual abuse and the relation between stress and the childrens memory when asked to recall the traumatic event. First, it may be that children made false accusations from the beginning and was aware of it all along. If that was the case then this implies that they did not form false memories, unlike what many researchers would have claimed (Ceci Bruck, 1993). Instead, the children would have been lying to please the adults or may have even been trying to seek attention. It was found that where they may have promoted lies and not false memories the children who later on, as adults, withdrew their claims. So now inferences are important because these withdrawals of their claims would mean that childrens memory flexibility was not as great as were the adult social pressures applied to the children. There were however some of the children who still held to their original charges of child sexual abuse. As well, for those who may have indeed experienced a sexual or physical traumatizing event their memory may become terribly inaccurate from the stress they had experienced, stress causes a person to see things and recall them in many incorrect ways. Even if left to calm down for sometimes or some weeks the memory can be even more lost to the correct information, in that the child can suppress the memories and recall them in ways to make them feel better or to remove the guilt and pain caused by the event. Recent research by (Alexander et al., 2005; Widom Morris, 1997) points out that men are more likely than women to define certain acts of child sexual abuse as not abusive and have less accurate memories for child sexual abuse experiences, they usually make the ordeal less important than it really or distorting what happened Researchers assume that children may typically reveal sexual abuse to their mothers (Berliner Conte, 1995), and that the person who may be sexually abusing or abused the child may be known to the child (Finkelhor, 1984), and that because the crimes and abuses may not be reported promptly (Goodman et al., 1992; Goodman-Brown, Edelstein, Goodman, Jones, Gordon, 2003), it can be argued that mothers may have led the children to make a false report, or the children and/or mothers may have had concealed intentions for making the accusations, and that the childs memory may have been either distorted, trained, or become faded with time. It was that many prosecutors have reported that such defences are often used in child sexual abuse cases (Goodman, Quas, Bulkley, Shapiro, 1999). They argue that children do not always disclose abuse readily, may at times require some leading questions to tell accurately and completely what happened, which in doing so may bring about false reports as to wh at may have truly happened and also leading the children into thinking that it happened in the way that the questions were asked and they may even withdraw their claims even if they were true (Malloy, Quas Lyon, in press; Saywitz, Goodman, Nicholas, Moan, 1991; Summit, 1983). They have also found that it is more difficult to mislead children to report negative or events related to abuse than positive or events that is not related to abuse, but some children at times may even consent to false negative, personal experiences. It has been well-known that the younger the children, the more likely it is for them to report false information (Bruck Ceci, 1999; Howe, 2000). For instance, if after witnessing an event young children are given misinformation about it (e.g., Do you remember when the doctor gave you a candy?), their reports of the event would be more likely to include the (mis)information that the doctor gave them candy when, in fact, the doctor did not. Clinicians and researchers have observed that some very young children are capable of providing accurate reports of events with the use suggestive questioning, whereas some older children are not able to do so (Baxter, 1990; Bruck Ceci, 1999; Geddie, Fradin, Beer, 2000). In 2004 Bruck and Melnyk published a review of the literature on individual differences in suggestibility. Out of 69 studies they looked for evidence of relationships between three categories of possible predictors: one which is demographic (socioeconomic status and sex), secondly the other is Cognitive (intelligence, language, memory, theory of mind, executive functioning, distractibility, and creativity), and thirdly, Psycho-social (social engagement, self-concept/self-efficacy, stress/emotional arousal/state anxiety, maternal attachment styles, parent-child relationship, parenting styles, temperament, and mental health). No relationship with suggestibility for some variables could be found but for others, the results were inconsistent. The predictors which showed the potential appeared to be that of the parent-child relationship, language ability, creativity, self-concept/self-efficacy, and maternal romantic attachment. Children who were vulnerable to being impressionable were mor e creative and had less superior language skills (Clarke-Stewart et al., 2004), inferior self-concept or self efficacy (Davis Bottoms, 2002), less supportive relationships with parents, either fathers or mothers (Clarke-Stewart et al., 2004), and mothers who were attached in their romantic relationships in an insecure manner (Goodman, Quas, Batterman-Faunce, Riddlesberger, Kuhn, 1997; Quas et al., 1999). Different studies were done to test and improve the accuracy of eyewitness testimony in children as well as correct memory recall. One of these tests is the Event Report Training (ERT), this is a training procedure intended to help the improvement of the memory recall of children and at the same time to reduce suggestibility. To test this efficiency of the training procedure they carried out a study. In the study fifty-eight (58) children took part in two forensically significant play events. After two weeks, the children received (ERT) or participated in control procedures, after that they were given a memory interview. The results pointed out that the Event Report Training procedure decreased suggestibility to questions related to abuse in preschoolers; their responses were greatly accurate and the difference in age was removed. (ERT) procedure did not raise the amount of information that preschoolers provided to open-ended questions. However, using the Event Report Training proced ure 32% more information was reported by 7 to 8-year-olds which included a 32% enhancement in actions, without an associated raise in wrong information. (John Wiley Sons, Ltd. 2009) Another focus on improving accuracy is a narrative style approach. A wide-ranging study to date of 3 Â ½ 9 year old children narrative development, it observed over a 1000 narratives, and used diverse techniques of analysis of narrative structure, (Peterson and McCabe 1983) acknowledged three common narrative styles in 4-year-old children. The most common being a leap frog pattern in which children jump from one particular feature to another, thereby excluding important aspects. An important aim of Event Report Training is to bring out intricate chronological narratives in preference to leap-frog narratives. Researchers have developed a number of structured interviews in order to achieve accurate memory reports from children in forensic situations. One of these interviews is The cognitive interview (CI) which relies on techniques to assist in retrieval and this consists of reporting everything, temporal recall and reverse order recall, context reinstatement and recall of the event from different viewpoints of the people involved in the event (Geiselman, Fisher, MacKinnon, Holland, 1985). Another structured interview procedure for children is Narrative Elaboration (NE), which relies on the grouping methods to improve the narratives of children. In this, researchers first teach the children how to recall an event by organizing information into specific categories, they then instruct children about the appropriate information that is involved in complete recall of that particular category (Camparo, Wagner, Saywitz, 2001; Saywitz Synder, 1996; Saywitz, Snyder Lamphear, 1996). Afterwards, the children are given cue cards to remind them to explain each group. A third procedure developed by researchers at the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD; Lamb, Sternberg, Esplin, Hershkowitz, Orbach, 2000) was to improve the childrens event reports while at the same time fortifying the forensic investigators interviewing skills. The NICHD protocol lets the child of interview rules which they are allowed to say I do not know. This procedure builds an understanding and supplies the children with practice in describing recent events and separating precise instances of an event recurring. In addition, the procedure uses related cueing whereby after a child-generated material is given the interviewer then asks specific questions. It was found in two investigations that 8 to 10 years old children showed a significant decline in the false response to misleading questions after being interviewed using the Cognitive interview (Memon, Holley, Wark, Bull, Kohnken, 1996; Milne Bull, 2003). In general, the evidence from previous research that children are more likely to choose from a line-up is relatively strong, although the underlying mechanisms are not yet fully understood. Children may be more vulnerable to any perceived social and environmental demands to choose, or they may have a less sophisticated understanding of the purposes of an identification test and the potential consequences of their decision (Brewer, Weber, Semmler, 2005). In any case, studies have shown that these difficulties are exacerbated in the presence of a uniform line-up administrator. As well, leading questions are problematic because it can cause the children to rely on the adults for information or may think that by the way the question was phrased they expect a particular answer. It is hence, important that such methods are limited in order to improve the accuracy of child eyewitnesses and increase confidence that the identifications made are correct.

Negative effects of technology

Technology has had a negative effect on people's lives. Technology has distracted kids, caused accidents, and health problems. It's actually kind of sad. Technology has negatively affected kids In such a huge way, especially In schools. Most kids claim they're bored so they pull out their cell phones or Pods. Their attention span isn't but so big, so they tend to get distracted easily by fumbling with their phones and playing games. This is why phones aren't allowed in most schools today.Reason being is because teachers find it very disrespectful and rude when they are trying to teach and students aren't learning or listening. The most commonly used technology today is the cell phone. Cell phones cause so many things to happen. Most car accidents are cause by being on cell phones. In a teens mind they think sending this one word or message Is wont hurt while they're driving but In reality It does. They have so many commercials about the consequences of testing and driving. Most teens Just don't listen.It's not Just the teens either, It's even the adults that text and drive. Adults are supposed to be role models for the younger generation not the opposite. Most people don't know that technology causes health problems. Being on a cell phone for too long and having so close to a person's eyes can mess up their vision. Also talking on the phone can cause cancer. Of course a person wouldn't get cancer just by one phone call, it would take some time. Another major health problem caused by technology is Carpal tunnel syndrome.Testing excessively can damage the nerves in someone's hands and fingers, causing numbness, tingling, and weakness. These are Just a few health problems caused by technology. It's Just amazing how something created by man can cause so many negative things to happen. Just by being on a cell phone while driving could cost someone their life, having a cell phone or Pod out could cost a child's education, or even testing could cause permanent damage. Technology has negative effects on people's lives daily. Negative effects of technology By redoneTechnology has negatively affected kids in such a huge way, especially in schools. Most kids claim they're bored so they pull out their cell phones or ‘pods. Their teens mind they think sending this one word or message is won't hurt while they're driving but in reality it does. They have so many commercials about the consequences of testing and driving. Most teens Just don't listen. It's not Just the teens either, it's even the adults that text and drive. Negative Effects of Technology Technology can not only negatively effect ones physical health, privacy but there are also emotional and psychological effects which can be disastrous. ’ Internet addiction is a psychological dependency on using the internet regardless of the type of activity once logged on’ . caplan 02. ‘a cycle of five successive and interdependent stages’. young01. Discovery, experimentation, escalation, compulsion, and hope lessness lead the person through a series of cause and effect emotions.. yong. 08 describes a person with a tendancy to avoid life problems by medicating him self with the internet. Lonely people with low self esteem choose emotional relationships with cyberspace frinds. Becase ‘real’ individuals rejecting them is no longer possible, the person feels safe and confident in his world of denial. abs 08. Bisides social awkwardness and isolation the psychologically dependant person is one who tends to avoid real life situation and problems. abs. 08.. speaks of increasing absence from work as a woman’s online sexual fantasies grew into an obcession . to feel angry, jealous, rejected and abandoned as they experience the emotional pain of an online affair by their partner. Conflict and emotional cost is also a result of poker playing online. chb. 00. states that intense players played 3 times longer than the majority, in one study.. Other life activities would be effected more and more. An incrase in emotional pain resulting. However, emotional pain is not only caused by the individual’s online behavior but also the financial strain of the addiction. Chb09.. states that in its study of online poker players, most player moderated their behavior based on wins and losses. 1 the most involved players. However, did not this would indicate a high financial strain when these players experienced loss. Nms07 study on problem gambling on the internet found that 42. 7% of internet gamblers were problem gamblers. b. Another emotional result of online gambling is the altered perception of the gambler making him less aware of financial risks. nmss07.. The predictable remorse and guilt fallows the loss of money. Many online gaming sites give the impussion that pay out rates of demo session apply to regular play which is untrue. Demo sessions also will set up an imagined ‘big win’ which the article states sets a person up for problem gambling in the future. Aa ther are risk factors for those who are psychologically, vulnerable to becoming addicted to online sex. abs08. millions of adult sites abs08 are available 24 hours a day, 7 days aweek. The underlying factor of accessible ‘free’ sex and gambling contributes to addiction for those particular people. abs. abs.. Besides easy access, being anonymous also increases addictive tendancies for those most prone to be effected. Online users can experiment freely and confidently in the virtual world. Gamblers use electronic means to pay for services making the financial losses seem less real. Comm. With the rapid changes in technology comes both positive and negative results. Certain personality types seem more prone to online addicions to sex. Poker , and gambling. The availability of the internet and the relatively inexpensive world of excitement and pretending, seems to be an unpleasant reality makes fantasy even more attractive. The high emotional price for the addict and his loud ones, is just beginning to be revealed.

Counselling Skills Essay

Interviews require the use of skills – for example, careful listening, noting nonverbal cues, monitoring the progress of what a client is saying while participating and taking notes, and require careful planning and preparation. A counselling interview (taken from ICCS Diploma of Counselling Participants’ manual) is structured by a number of phases in the session. They are: * Phase 1- Arrival (5 mins) * Phase 2- Connecting (10 mins) * Phase 3- Exploring the client’s world (30 mins) * Phase 4- Taking action (10 mins) * Phase 5- Closure (5 mins) Communication techniques including counselling micro skills Good communication techniques are imperative to the counselling session. 1) The counsellor aims to get the client to talk freely and openly. Micro skills used: Attending behaviour, such as appropriate eye contact, attentive body language, and communicates genuineness. 2) The counsellor tries to clarify and gather information from the client Micro skills used: Active listening, reflection of content/ paraphrasing to clarify. Use open and closing questions, and summarising to gather more information. Use minimal prompts, encouragers and reflection of feeling. 3) The counsellor offers empathy and understanding to the client and builds rapport, relationship and trust. Micro skills used: Reflection of feeling, warmth, genuineness, respect and congruence. Communication barriers and resolution strategies A communication barrier is anything that prevents one from receiving and understanding the messages others use to convey their ideas, thoughts and information. These barriers may be related to the message, internal barriers related to thoughts and feelings, or external barriers. Internal barriers include: fatigue, disinterest, poor listening skills, past experiences with the client, home or work problems. (QCOSS, 2007) External barriers include: noise and other distractions, unpleasant environment, problems with technology or equipment. (QCOSS, 2007) Skilled listeners attempt to be objective by consciously trying to understand the speaker without letting their personal opinions influence the message of the speaker’s words. They try to understand what the client wants to communicate, not what they want to understand. Effective counsellors will use alternate resolution strategies to overcome barriers, such as interpreter services, communication boards, translating equipment, sign language, and referrals to other professionals if required. Aim of counselling interview The main aim of the counselling relationship is the view to Phase 4- Termination. The counselling interview is to empower the client into making clear decisions, expressing an understanding and non-judgemental observation whilst building a trust relationship, and to assist in goal setting if required. Observational techniques, including facial expressions, non- verbal behaviour, posture and silences. A study by Albert Mehrabian in 1971 provided some interesting information about the relative importance of verbal and non-verbal messages in determining the receiver’s impression of the sender’s emotions. On average, words contribute to 7% of total influence, while tone of voice and visual clues contributed 38% and 55% respectively. (Mehrabian. A, 1971) Gerard Egan defined the acronym SOLER as part of his â€Å"Skilled Helper† staged approach to counselling. It is a non-verbal listening process used in communication. The following was retrieved from Steven Lucas’ (2012) Counselling Central webpage: S: Sitting squarely says â€Å"I’m here with you, I’m available to you.† Turning your body away from another person while you talk to him or her can lessen your degree of contact with that person. If, for any reason, facing the person squarely is too threatening for them, then an angled position may be more helpful. O: Adopt an open posture. Crossed arms and/or crossed legs can be a sign of lessened involvement with or availability to others. An open posture says you are open to the client and what he or she has to say. It is non-defensive in nature. L: It is possible to lean in towards the client. It says, â€Å"I’m with you, I’m interested in you and what you have to say.† Leaning back can suggest the opposite. Remember not to lean too far forward, or this may be seen as placing a demand on the client. He or she may find it intimidating. E: Maintain good eye contact. It’s another way of saying, â€Å"I’m interested, I’m with you.† Remember this is not the same as staring. You will need to look away every so often, in order not to stare, but monitor the amount you look away. It could say something about your own level of comfort/discomfort. R: Be relaxed or natural. If you are fidgeting nervously it will distract the client. Being relaxed also tells the client that you are comfortable with using your body as a vehicle of personal contact and expression. It helps put the client at ease. Client’s style of absorbing information including visual, auditory and kinaesthetic A client’s preferred style of absorbing information guides the way they learn. It also changes the way they internally represent experiences, the way they recall information, and even the words they choose. The best approach for a counsellor is to address a variety of learning styles when in a counselling session. It is also helpful to encourage the client to understand their preferred learning style, be it visual, auditory and/or kinaesthetic. The following information on the three main learning styles has been taken from B.W. James (2009) tutoring website: VISUAL- * take numerous detailed notes * tend to sit in the front * are usually neat and clean * often close their eyes to visualize or remember something * find something to watch if they are bored * like to see what they are learning * benefit from illustrations and presentations that use colour * are attracted to written or spoken language rich in imagery * prefer stimuli to be isolated from auditory and kinaesthetic distraction * find passive surroundings ideal AUDITORY- * sit where they can hear but needn’t pay attention to what is happening in front * may not coordinate colours or clothes, but can explain why they are wearing what they are wearing and why * hum or talk to themselves or others when bored * acquire knowledge by reading aloud * remember by verbalizing lessons to themselves (if they don’t they have difficulty reading maps or diagrams or handling conceptual assignments like mathematics). KINESTHETIC- * need to be active and take frequent breaks * speak with their hands and with gestures * remember what was done, but have difficulty recalling what was said or seen * find reasons to tinker or move when bored * rely on what they can directly experience or perform * activities such as cooking, construction, engineering and art help them perceive and learn * enjoy field trips and tasks that involve manipulating materials * sit near the door or someplace else where they can easily get up and move around * are uncomfortable in classrooms where they lack opportunities for hands-on experience * communicate by touching and appreciate physically expressed encouragement, such as a pat on the back Cultural/ other differences working against development of client Consideration of the diversity of a client’s values, beliefs and cultural expectations is imperative for practising counsellors. Cultural differences working against the development of a client can be the client’s: * Religious and/or spiritual beliefs and values * Ethnicity and culture may have an impact on a client’s behaviour, eg different interpretations of body language * The client’s view of time and making and keeping strict appointment schedules * Cultural views of the social significance of age and gender Another factor towards inhibiting the development of a client is the counsellor’s lack of awareness of their own cultural background/experiences, attitudes, values, and biases that might influence their ability to assist clients from diverse cultural populations. It is essential that you correct any prejudices and biases you may have regarding different cultural groups. Self-evaluation, including biases, values and working from a client’s frame of reference Evaluating one’s performance as a counsellor is very important. Self-awareness of biases, values, attitudes and beliefs, and why we behave the way we do can assist us to differentiate between our own responses and that of our client. Some methods of self-evaluation used are: * Organisational feedback forms for clients * Internal online monkey surveys * External stakeholder surveys * Supervision As a counsellor, we can never work with a client from our own frame of reference. ‘Stepping in the shoes’ of the client from their viewpoint and seeing the client in the context of their culture, background and family helps us truly understand the client. Potential impacts of using identified communication skills and techniques in a range of counselling contexts Potential impacts of using identified communication skills in a range of counselling contexts can be rewarding and fruitful for both the client and counsellor. Communication techniques, such as challenging and confronting are not yet my forte, and I struggle with how I may apply it, but understand the impact of its purpose and usefulness. Building a rapport and trust, using micro skills, showing empathy, reflection of content and feeling, and working through communication barriers, impacts the client/counsellor relationship in a positive way. It is a privilege to share the client’s journey while they are in our lives.

How to Write a Good Essay

How to Write a Good Essay This thing that we are about to mention has certainly caused great trouble to all of you at least once in your lifetime. Irrespectively of our current occupation (which does not have to be anything connected to any sort of academic writing) every single one of us has had at least one essay assignment during their lifetime. When we think of all those writing assignments we had at school, we come to the conclusion that each and every one of us has had to write a number of essays during our lifetimes. Now, we all claim to be able to write it, however, not all of us can claim that they can write a good essay. Many times you could not help but wonder why your essay was evaluated so low even though you know you have given the greatest effort in its creation. Writing a good essay is far from easy and here we provide a main guideline which will help you write the perfect essay. To write the perfect essay, there are three main things you should dedicate a piece of your precious time to: planning your essay, writing the first draft (which by no means should be the last draft) and finally the editing and proofreading part. After all that is done, you will have the final and optimal version of the essay. The planning of the essay is always the hardest part because even when you have enough inspiration, you often have several ideas on mind and you cannot decide which one to write in particular, whether you will provide a whole essay on facts about that topic, because in an essay, there is just one topic provided by the title that requires your research, not more than one. Choose the topic which will be appealing for many readers and choose the title and make it intriguing to the readers. The second step consists of two things: first, write down on a bulleted list all ideas you want to incorporate in your essay (a phrase for each idea, nothing more) and using that list write your first draft elaborating on those ideas. Finally it has come the time for the editing and proofreading part. Here you can do whatever you think may improve the quality of your written work. If you think that the sentence from the second paragraph should be changed by other sentence, now is the time to do that. After you have done this, read the whole thing one more time and hand it to the person giving you the task.

Dead Poets Society Essay Example

Dead Poets Society Essay Example Dead Poets Society Paper Dead Poets Society Paper Final Paper Throughout the movie The Dead Poets Society the instructor named Mr. Keating utilized many course concepts as he instructed the students at Welton Prep-School in an unordinary manner, motivating them to strive to express themselves and avoid succumbing to conformity. Mr. Keatings teaching techniques propelled his students to become intrinsically motivated and participate in activities for the sake of knowledge. His repeated use of the quote Carpe Diem, or seize the day became a pivotal saying that laid the groundwork for the students actions throughout the entire movie. Mr. Keating continuously captivated his students by promoting high levels of interaction through the use of controversial questions and abnormal actions. In his first class, Mr. Keating asked a student to read an excerpt about rating poetry. Once the student finished, he instructed to students to rip out the entire introduction of the book, which captivated each students full attention. Mr. Keating utilized the concept of modeling throughout each class. Mr. Keating embodied the characteristics that are associated with an effective model. He attended the same prep school as his tudents, was known as a very intelligent individual, was the captain of the soccer team, and was considered most likely to do anything in his annual yearbook. These characteristics influenced the likelihood that the behavioral cognitive or affective changes would occur as the students observed his actions. Mr. Keating illustrated the effect of modeling known as changing inhibitions when he told motivated a student to let go of the notion that whatever he said or did would be ridiculed by his classmates and say whatever he felt. This student let go of this self-imposed estriction and composed a poem in front of the entire class. The praise that this student received, allowed other students to learn vicariously and become motivated to come up with their own ideas. Mr. Keating vicariously reinforced the entire class when he praised the student for letting go of his inhibitions and expressing himself to the entire class. Mr. Keating also continuously emotionally aroused each student by displaying his passion for the subject of poetry. The constant enjoyment that was shown as the topic of poetry was discussed created a high level of enthusiasm that as possessed by the entire class. In a particular instance, he showed his enthusiasm towards thinking out of the box by standing on his desk and telling each student to stand on the desk while they remind themselves to always look at things in a different way. After establishing his perceived competence, similarity, and status, Mr. Keating strived to maintain a comfortable learning environment when he negatively punished a student for laughing at another students poem. This undesirable, critical behavior stopped once Mr. Keating required the laughing tudent to read his poem immediately after he laughed. Mr. Keating also utilized high-quality examples when he connected the seemingly boring concept of poetry to love and women, which are concepts that continuously invade the minds of boys in high school. This good example could have been better if the teacher showed this connection between love and poetry in greater detail, rather than Just stating that students every day lives, Mr. Keating intrinsically motivated his students by constantly drawing their attention to Carpe Diem. This phrase told each student to eize the day, take advantage of every possibility, and strive for self-actualization, not for any certain reward, but for the mere satisfaction of living life to the fullest extent. The use of this phrase paid off when a student followed his passion for acting and tried out for the lead role in a play. He did not take part in this play for any extrinsic reward, but did it as an attempt to reach his fullest potential and be all that he was capable of being. This utilization of the phrase Carpe Diem showed the ability that Mr. Keating had to stimulate the growth needs of his students and propel them owards self-actualization. Throughout this movie, Mr. Keating used teaching techniques that revolved around modeling and intrinsic motivation. The only aspect of his technique that I found to be flawed was his lack of assessment. Although the majority of his students seemed to be very enthusiastic towards their newfound appreciation for poetry, some students may not have been motivated and would have been able to coast through his course since they were rarely tested on the material. He did periodically ask a select few students to read their poems allowed, but not all of the students eceived feedback on their work. Overall, Mr. Keating proved to create a learning environment that stimulated the individual opinions of the majority of the students and allowed them to use this new appreciation for individuality and transfer their knowledge to many out of classroom activities. This teacher successfully utilized many of the course concepts that were studied in Educational Psychology and propelled students to reach beyond the intellectual constraints that were placed upon them by the institution that they attended.

Globalisation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 6

Globalisation - Essay Example From 1979 onwards, all countries’ financial spectrum transformed with capital controls deregulating and witnessing of new financial elements such as derivatives. Economic activities intensified in Greece when the government resolved to fund Small and Medium Enterprises years before the economic crisis of 2008. Businesses boomed and social as well as political atmosphere transformed paving way for greater opportunities. However, this came to a halt when the entire planet submerged in an ocean of financial crisis in 2008 (Mceachern, 2012:63). This paper will seek to outline the way in which recent financial crisis of 2008 and subsequent recession has affected Greece. This will be realized by exploring Greece’s economic, political, and socioeconomic consequences as a case study country. A country case study provides an analysis of the country’s modern or contemporary developments. The 2008 financial crisis and its subsequent recession meant many things to almost every country especially the US, Greece, Ireland, Portugal, and Spain (Mceachern, 2012:26). However, the hardest hit nation was Greece where the country had to resolve to borrowing from international money lending institutions such as the IMF. Due to financial crisis, conditions in the financial markets changed where banks relaxed in interbank lending or purchase of any government debt otherwise known as bonds. Due to this situation, financial analysts and policy makers speculated presence of financial pressures within peripheral economies since such economies had accumulated huge deficits within their government spending (OECD Publishing, 2010:51). With increased deficits on Greece’s government spending, the country started experiencing increased debt levels. With this respect, it is agreeabl e that the recent financial crisis of 2008 and subsequent recession affected Greece by skyrocketing its government spending. This in turn