Jane Eyre: Relating to Feminism and Bertha Manson as an Alter Ego

The novel, Jane Eyre, describes the transformation from childhood to adulthood of an orphaned girl named Jane. Bertha Mason, is portrayed as the alter ego of the orphaned girl, Jane Eyre. This statement could be interrupted in many ways. One being-for an example- Bertha being a symbol and representation of Jane’s feeling in regard to the situation of her marrying Rochester. Another is some likeliness of both women’s actions.Jane Eyre may feel as if the matter of marriage is oppressing her. The dreams she received after the engagement suggests she secretly fears being submitted. Also, she may rage at the idea of losing her freedom and yielding to a higher power, which in this case is Rochester. Jane herself does not show all of these emotions, but they are animated through the actions of Bertha. Bertha tearing the bridal veil could stand for a metaphorical sign or warning for Jane as to not get married.On another note, Bertha is also the obstacle that stops the wedding f rom persisting on; she is not only a metaphorical element, but is also a physical obstacle as well. The male dominating aspect relates both Bertha and Jane. Bertha was tied and locked away, showing the bondage and effect Victorian marriage had on mental and emotional health. It suggests that it suffocated women and took away their freedom. Jane was forced and expected to concede at both Gateshead Hall and Lowood Institution. You can read also Analysis of Literary Devices of Jane EyreShe was harassed and also suggested by many that she not be so passionate. Knowing back then women for expected to fit the perfect imagine of civil, mannered, and self contained. Although, Jane was self righteous, opinionated, and passionate when younger. She learned to be well behaved and level headed at Lowood Institution the younger oppressed side of her reveals from her alter ego, Bertha. The likeliness of some events that occurred pertaining to both women does suggest that the madwoman in the attic is indeed the alter ego of Jane.Firstly, Bertha having been locked in a room for about ten years and goes insane. Jane gets locked in the red room at the young age of ten for about five minutes and lashes out hysterically. Secondly, after Bertha attacks Mr Mason she then gets tied up in the attic; Jane, when younger, received a threat to be restrained by her aunt if she did not yield. Lastly, the mad women is mental insane and Jane starts to hear voices. The madwoman in the attic has many symbols and roles that could be interpreted in this novel.Whether it is the horrors of Victorian marriage or the controlled element of the female gender. The statement states that Bertha is the alter ego to Jane Eyre and for many reasons. The madwoman in the attic plays a big role in representing Jane herself and her unconscious and internal conflicts. Including some key emotional events Jane went through in childhood. The relations between the two just goes to show that you can’t quite escape your past characteristics and suppress them for long.

African American vs. Caucasian Americans Essay

At first glance some people might consider this paper to be on the racial side, however it was all written by observations made. There are many differences between African Americans and Caucasians, some people don’t see the differences because of ignorance . You must read the paper with an open mind and take none of this to heart. African American and Caucasians function differently in public surroundings. When you see a young African American you usually see them in groups of four of more. However, when one of them gets into a disagreement five to ten more show up in their defense. They are a very close knit group of individuals. I have also noticed that when you see a young African American walking around they are usually singing, talking very loud or running around. Also when they are in groups they are very loud and take over the area that they occupy. On the other hand when you see Caucasians they are rarely in groups of three or more. To top it off when someone in one of their groups gets in trouble the rest of the group is nowhere to be found. Most times when you see young Caucasian people in a group they are for the most part within a normal speaking level. These two groups tend to act differently in the public due to their cultural differences. There are a number of differences between the churches of African Americans and Caucasians. At most typical African American churches there are no true sermons. The African American churches tend to do more entertaining rather than teaching. They also do a great deal of singing and dancing involved in there praising of God. They emphasize fellowship in their churches especially after church when they all gather and close the celebration with a meal together. However at a typical Caucasian church there are a few differences. To start it off when you first walk in you get a program detailing what will be happening through the service. They tend to structure the whole service around a sermon or story. The service every week is very predictable as to what will happen. The Caucasian churches are more there to teach the ways of the lord as they have interpreted it. Although not all the African American and Caucasian churches are along this line a majority of the main stream ones are.

Critically discuss whether or not recent changes to police oversight Term Paper

Critically discuss whether or not recent changes to police oversight have made the police more accountable to communities.'' - Term Paper Example Additionally, an endeavour that takes a more time is needed to develop an outline that will guide police oversight and accountability to ensure uprightness in the structures of the police force is reinforced. Accountability denotes a range of definitions that include the state of answerability, openness, efficient management and responsiveness (Newburn, 2008). Police accountability entails holding individual police officers together with law enforcement agencies responsible for efficiently delivering fundamental services that involve the control of crime while maintaining order (Calderon and Hernandez-Figueroa, 2013). This should be done while treating the people fairly and within the confines of the law. The police are supposed to maintain laws that deal with the due process, searches as well as seizures, arrest of offenders, discrimination and the laws that are associated with equal employment, sexual harassment and so on. In a society that is of a democratic nature, the political processes together with the officials who are elected are supposed to make sure the police are accountable and they represent the will of the people. The process of making sure the police maintain a certain l evel of accountability is vital as far as the maintaining of the faith the public has in the system is concerned (Kagari and Thomas, 2006, p. 41). The police themselves can be considered as core players as far restoring and maintaining the integrity of the police is concerned and their accountability is not limited to the police as well as the independent police agencies (Prenzler, 2009, p. 93). The different bodies which form the state all play a particular role while the role of the public is more than being clients that have the ability to share their concerns since they are supposed to share responsibility that will allow for fair and efficient policing. The police are guided by the rule of law as well as legislation that

Entrepreneurialism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Entrepreneurialism - Essay Example Once one ventures on the entrepreneurial journey and the way to self-actualization, he will come across resources and people to make clear the way. Lastly, to develop into an entrepreneur is to achieve self-assurance, which emerges as a normal consequence of the process (Johnson, 2007). Characteristics of a wholesome entrepreneur are: they get things completed faster, have confidence, effective management of funds, they get used to changes and, finally, they are connected. I would make an effective entrepreneur since being an entrepreneur is like a rubber band where ones limits are stretched to unimaginable extends and one adapts to these changes. My business entails offering 3D rendering and online gaming services to people. When a designer has completed his concept in Computer Aided Design software, sometimes the computers are slow and it takes days for one to render the result. I will have very advanced and powerful computers where people will come to render their works and even play games online. I will finance my venture through bootstrapping which means employing any accessible possessions to assist in growing the business. Raising money from my friends and relatives would boost my venture. I would not mind applying for Small Business Innovation Research Grants (SBIR) given to technology businesses. Finally, I will approach customers who might be willing to support my business if I tailor my services for

HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 2

HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY - Essay Example 1. The lymphocytes are the most affected with Joe’s T-cell count at less than 2% of total lymphocytes, B-cells at less than 1% of total lymphocytes, and natural killer cells at 90% of total lymphocytes, whereas the normal reading should be T-cells 60-80%, B-cells 15-25%, and natural killer cells at 10-20%of total lymphocyte count. 3. No. Joe will not have normal levels of anti-bodies, as it is the B-cells that are responsible for secretion of anti-bodies, and their less than normal levels in the blood means that anti-bodies will also be on the lower side. 4. The low levels of B-cells lower the availability of anti-bodies, and the low levels of T-cells reduce the ability to fight viruses. This weakened immune system of Joe makes him susceptible to bacterial infections. 2. Other children above the age of twelve will not develop SCID. Children younger than twelve still have chances to develop SCID.. By the time any child attains the age of twelve the immune system of the body is fully developed and functional. Severe combine Immunodeficiency will demonstrate itself before the full development of the immune system. For the same reason children below the age of twelve still carry the risk of demonstrating SCID.

Organizational research on E-commerce Coursework

Organizational research on E-commerce - Coursework Example After going through the education sector, that has vigorous training from the primary level, secondary and tertiary level we gain skills that lead us to seek a way of earning an income. Most of us fall under the employment sector. Others start their own business. From this business ventures, Organization are formed. The investments call for skilled and semi-skilled employees to run their business objective. (Chava & Nachmais, 2008).Research has been carried out to find out the level of job satisfaction in a given a given organization. The bigger and complex the organization is, it calls to different levels of management. In this organizations highest level of management being the Chief Executive Officer to the most junior staff. At these different levels the employees can be at rewarding and overwhelming positions mostly the managers. This paper will critically evaluate the research done on why the employees feel overwhelmed with work demands, workloads and work related stress. On th e last part of this paper, the paper will focus on where we have adequate staff to perform the job properly which allows the organization to provide top quality of patient care. Problem Statement Employees more often than not feel overwhelmed, and may be required to figure out what might be the underlying issue in their organization of work. Most of the time the situation is not as bad as the employees may think. Perception is a key factor while juggling in between the duties allocated and personal life. Many feel they don’ have enough time for their social life. Those who have families and dependents to look after feel that their jobs are too tying. The key factor is fatigue and balance of the world around any given individual. (Creswell, 2003). When you feel overwhelmed you need to figure out ways to rework your schedules and be in a position to accomplish whatever is required of you and re-energize on the areas that need your attention. Prioritizing on the core duties will ease the tension of feeling overwhelmed. As the current situation is solution sort to cap on this burning issue both in the government sectors and in the private sector. Seeking for help in work place is highly encouraged .employees should never feel ashamed to seek for assistance in their department. This can be practiced by the act of delegating, some of their duties to the skilled employees in their department. By failing to complete certain tasks does not necessarily mean the employee is incompetent, it might be the company has overloaded these employee and would need some assistance to meet the business objective. (Chava & Nachmais, 2008). The company at sometimes put too much on the employees shoulders to carry. Open communication needs to be put in place so that whenever such occurrence in the work place. Time management has been an area of success to those who use this asset well. Employees are overwhelmed because they fail to manage time well. Employees get overwhelmed whe n time catches up with them. Inevitable situations do occur in the work place, with the right priorities such situation is solved in a well speculated manner. Employees should focus on important issues at hand and solve them in good time and eliminating the overwhelming factor in the work place. Use of available technology advancement can ease the overwhelming situation towards the employee. A good example would be like when an employee is on leave or not in a position to access the office for some time, the can set auto reply on their outlook and e-mails to notify the fellow colleagues that this particular person is not available for this certain period of time. Use of blackberry handsets and the internet enabled handset can ease communication and task and these are some of the new technologies that can be used to simplify issues. (Spackman, 2002). Literature Review The major principle for growing the employee awareness is for the team to have a complete overview of what their empl oyer is looking for in the survey. Approximate 60 % will be

Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 3

Assignment Example Data for the 2009 ACS survey was collected between January 2009 - December 2009. Respondents were asked about their income from the previous 12 months. Data generated from the 2009 ACS therefore refers to the period January 2008-Noverember 2009. On average women earned $35,549 per year. On average men earned $45,485 per year. Women therefore only earned 78.2% of what men earned (i.e. men earned 21.8% more each year than women). Compared to the previous year (2008 ACS), both genders experienced a wage increase (men earned $324 more, whilst women earned $445 more). This indicates that the gap between men and women’s earning is decreasing. In all 50 states, women’s average earning were less than men. However, there were significant variations between gender earnings in several states. For example, in Arizona, California and Texas, women to men’s earnings ratios were 80% or more (smaller earning gap between genders). In Wyoming there were very significant differences in gender earning (women only earned 65.5% of what men earned). Why Do Women Earn Less Than Men? There are many reasons why women on average earn less than men. Reasons include; Under represented in highly paid jobs, e.g. bankers, lawyers Traditionally associated with domestic duties, e.g.

Business Venture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Business Venture - Essay Example Some of the themes include: Creation of a new (better) product, bringing in a product with more economic value than others, a vision for growth, desire to foster continuity to a family business and willingness to take uncertainty. ICEVED (2006) explained that research into entrepreneurial behaviour should consider contextual issues and identify the processes that give explicit explanation rather than just describing this phenomenon, and thus leaving the venture vulnerable to ambiguity Economics of value creation is the theme being addressed, and its relevance to the business plan. This heavy duty focus was picked because it is the chief reason for any business venture. This is a basic framework for evaluating and optimizing profits in a business operation. As a matter of emphasis, any business person desires to grow economically. The growth of one individual will automatically overlap into the country's economy. This theme enables a person to make a choice between the infinite business options, and what customers to target and further still how to manage the organisation. A business person is further faced with a forecast of whether there shall be an expansion in his or her venture or not and this is challenging. The road to prosperity is not always easy. Tough decisions have to be made. Such is the case when cornered with many business options to choose from. To support decision making process, a semi-quantitative dimension is added. This consists of general seven step evaluation process as below (Zero million.com, 2008). 1. The starting point is a list of strategic options, as they may have been identified during conventional strategic planning 2. The next step are to identify who will influence the value creation process 3. Find out what value drivers each of them use to influence it. 4. For customers representative of different segments, we can evaluate the value to the customer, the risk to the customer and the relative market power between buyer and seller. 5. The following step is to analyze the cost structure and understand how it scales with market size. 6. By combining the results from the two previous steps it is possible to find the optimal profit as a function of volume, value drivers and the other parameters. 7. In the final step the strategic implications of the various options are integrated with other knowledge to form the basis for selecting a winning business strategy. From a policy perspective, economics of value development; which the main theme of discussion, can be defined as efforts that seek to improve the economic well-being and quality of life for a community by creating Jobs, goods and services which override the former ones. Economic development is an area which pushes a country into progress, and in touches all aspects of an economy. This includes Financial, population, agricultural, technological and acquisition sector (Lupke, 2001). Of major interest is the expansion of the business plan named: White Lion Enterprise ltd. Analysing this business plan will bring to light various aspects, all

Peer review process assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Peer review process - Assignment Example This is a very useful proposal for educational institutions since the factors that affect XYZ are the same factors that influence other institutions that offer the same services. I appeal for funding because management hired fire captains based of their technical competence and high motivational attitudes. However, this does not necessarily translate in to leadership ability, as many would think. Further, I think promoting managers that have not been trained, nor have had the opportunities to be mentored by experienced leaders, leaves an experience gap between upper level management and lower level supervisors that will soon be asked step into upper level leadership positions. It is significant to note that as upper level management leaves and younger supervisors step up there will certainly be a lack of transformational leadership and vision that was possessed by the leaders that left. Therefore funding such a project will improve leadership styles in organizations. The proposal has critically looked at the firefighting career field, which is technical field where firefighters are given individual tasks in order to accomplish an overall objective. When there is an emergency each individual knows what he or she as an individual must due to contribute to the team success of the mission. However, this causes problems when a firefighter is now put in the position of supervisor and they must keep up with the technical competencies of firefighting while also managing the administrative, political, and human resources issues that comes along with the day-to-day activities of running a fire station. In making this transition, one is often required to alter their paradigm or worldview. I appeal for funding for this project because the emphasis on efficiency, customer-service, and consistent communication are all-important components of an HRPP. Building trust between the research community and the HRPP indirectly serves as a

Discussion Board Post Response Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 2

Discussion Board Post Response - Essay Example This trend can impact n the competitive advantage of the facility since patients weighing more than four hundred pounds will opt to seek the services of other healthcare facilities. Facilities with more capital assets according to Zismer, Sterns and Claus () have a competitive advantage over others. In my organization, there is need for an additional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) machine to prevent long queues in the department as patients wait for their turn. Your case is similar to that in my organization as purchasing these equipments will increase efficiency of services. Your discussion Melton is also correct. Your organization considers the views of employees and incorporates their contributions in the formulation of budgets in terms of prioritizing purchase of capital assets. Incorporating employees in decision making has been proved to improve productivity as employees feel valued. Your organization does the correct thing. Subsequently, your organizations use of information regarding delays in patient care, patient anxiety, and patient satisfaction to demonstrate and justify the need for a vein finder sheds more light on how to demonstrate the need for an equipment in healthcare settings. My organization calculated the expected return of capital (Baker and Baker, 2014) to demonstrate the need for an MRI machine and the time patients wait in queues to be access the equipment. Your technique is applicable to my organization as

Bridge On The River Kwai Essay Example for Free

Bridge On The River Kwai Essay For example: a characters intention, sequence of events, etc? A part in the movie which was confusing was when Nicholson decided to assist the Japanese in building the bridge. He becomes so obsessed in building the bridge (which he regarded as a symbol of British efficiency and resourcefulness, which will be remembered for times to come) that he fails to identify that he is collaborating with the Japanese even when he was informed by his own medical officer. He becomes so blinded by this that he, a man of principles and one who follows rules mentioned in the Geneva Convention is willing to make his officers work for the timely completion of the bridge. Saito tells Nicholson that it will not be necessary to bring the copy of the Geneva Convention and walks away making the silence/no-response response speak for him. Due to the indirect form of communication it is hard to follow if Saito means that Nicholson should not bring the book because he has previously read it and now that it has been brought to his attention he will not make the British officers do manual abour or that he has read the book but will still make the British officers do manual labour. Making silence speak instead of words and the indirect form of communication gives the essence of a reactive culture. Another part of the movie which was hard to understand was when Nicholson fell on the detonator at the end of the film. It is unclear if Nicholson had an intention to destroy the bridge or if it was a mere accident. His last lines what have I done do clarify his intent but due to the fact that he falls on the plunger there was no ample clarification for the same. There is a possibility that due to his love for the bridge uilt by the British soldiers he had Just proceeded towards the plunger to disconnect it, however, dies while doing so and hence falls on it instead. 0 What was the best thing about the movie? What was the worst? The best part about the film was the way Nicholson stood by his principles and persuaded Saito to not make his officers do manual labour and hence go by the rules mentioned in the Geneva Convention. The astonishing part about this was that this was taking place in a POW camp where the bargaining power was higher with Saito than Nichonson. Nicholsonss leadership abilities made his officers not give in to Saito and start anual work, and hence continued to be punished in the oven. His leadership abilities are portrayed well when the British medical officer comes to meet him at the oven, Nicholson was more concern about his officers than about himself even after he was deprived of food and water for numerous days. His pride and patriotic qualities tacilitate him to stand by his word against Saito even atter physical and emotional harm is being inflicted on him during the period of negotiation. On the other hand I feel that 2 Saito underestimated his BATNA (Best alternative to a negotiated agreement). I feel hat during the time of positional bargaining with Nicholson, ultimately carving under pressure and letting him out of the oven, Saito should have used his own soldiers for the bridge (till such time Nicholson was persuaded to make his men work) and created more discipline and collaboration among the workers for the timely completion of the bridge. I feel that there was little room for principled negotiation as Nicholson was not willing to do so. The worse part of the movie was the collapse of the bridge in the end. A bridge which was the cause of various negotiations between Saito and Nicholson, in the process esulted in numerous threats, blackmail and infliction of physical and emotional harm from Saito to Nicholson and consequentially got Nicholson himself killed. By the collapse of the bridge all that seemed to be a waste. 0 What did you find to be the most interesting or surprising element of the film? Why? The most surprising element of the film is the fact when Nicholson decides to take over the responsibility to construct the bridge after having won the negotiation against Saito and having no obligation towards doing so. He becomes so obsessed in building the bridge (which he regarded as a symbol of British efficiency and resourcefulness, which will be remembered for times to come) that he fails to identify that he is collaborating with the Japanese even when he was informed by his own medical officer. He defends himself in front of the officer by saying that he is getting the bridge made efficiently as he wants people who use to bridge in the future to remember how it was built and who built it. He also adds that by working on the bridge together his men will feel like British soldiers rather than Japanese prisoners. The bridge was Nicholsons trophy and was not an instrument to keep the British soldiers together. He becomes so blinded by this that he, a man of principles and one who follows rules mentioned in the Geneva Convention is willing to make his officers work for the timely completion of the bridge. He forgot about the war and his loyalties and started to aid in the improvement of the bridge rather than working in accordance with the instructions provided by the Japanese. It was this perceived duty that lead to his downfall ultimately. This was due to the fact that if he was not that keen of building a good bridge, he would not have reacted the way he did once he identified the explosives and could have prevented the unnecessary loss f lives towards the end including his own. 3 0 What is the movie trying to tell viewers? The movie glorifies the western civilization, especially that of the British. On the other hand it portrays the east Oapanese) to be weak and still learning. 0 How does it go about conveying this message? In the beginning Saito and Nicholson did not get along well. Nicholson insisted that his officers were not to do manual labour as per the rules stated in the Geneva Convention, however, Saito was more bothered about getting the bridge ready on time. When the numerous attempts Saito made to persuade the stubborn Nicholson ailed he tried a friendly approach by offering the starved Nicholson with Beef corn and Whiskey and by telling him that the senior officers including him do not have to manual labour. Saito had to ultimately carve and wilt towards the strong armed Nicholson even though Nicholson was in his POW camp. This was done using the anniversary of Japans victory in the Russo-Japanese war in order to save face. The concept of saving face is due to the impact of collectivism. This concept of saving face suggests that Saito is from a country with a high long term orientation index (L TO) culture. Not only this, once Nicholson took up the responsibility of the bridge and implemented British designs, oversight and ingenuity to it, he ended up making a more technically sound and competent bridge than the Japanese could have otherwise built. What cultural issues do you see? How are these portrayed? o Individualist, Power distance and hierarchy, Communication styles, role of gender, etc? In the initial part of the movie the American soldier bribes the Japanese captain to assist him in getting hospitalized. The Japanese soldier does not use the word No. He indirectly tries to xpress his reluctance to hospitalize the American. When the American insists using the usual American loud and verbose atti tude, the solder uses silence for the same and walks away after moving his head from side to side. This indirect and non-verbal form of communication indicates that the Japanese is from a collectivist, low IDV and a high context culture. The American soldier wanted to be hospitalized as he was self-centered. This along with the fact that he ran away shows that he was individualistic and did not care about anyone else. It can therefore be perceived that e has a high internal locus of control, signifying that he is in charge of his own life and that what happens to him is a result of his own actions and hence indicates that he is from a high IDV and a low context culture. 4 A more participative hierarchy is portrayed by the British soldiers. This can be seen when the British officers and their Colonel meet and have a debate on the topic of escape from the camp. One of the officers directly disagreed with Nicholson when he advised the officers not to escape from the camp. The officer argued that staying in the camp is a sure way of getting killed. This shows the impact of an individualistic ulture as in a collectivist culture disagreement is usually done indirectly or very discreetly. The British (westerners) usually like to near the word No in order tor the meaning to be conveyed effectively; they do not understand indirect negative responses. This kind of participative nature and direct denial from an officer to the colonels advice signifies a low power distance index (PDI) as power seems to be shared and well dispersed. This direct approach can also be seen in Nicholson when Saito tells him at the beginning of the movie that he will order his officers to work and he directly replies saying No. The local woman are looking up to the men and taking care of them in the scene where the American is returning the POW camp to destroy the bridge. It seems as if the women expect the men to be tough, assertive and be the provider. This shows that the local community is a high Masculinity index (MAS) culture. Hierarchy has been shown in many instances during the film. As far as the Japanese were concern, the Japanese soldier taking his cap off and bowing (In Japan there are rules for the Japanese equivalent of the Western handshake for who to bow, how much they should bow and hence are difficult to master) to Saito at the beginning of he film, bringing him a platform to stand on as he was short and so that people look up to him and salute him, were some instances showing hierarchy amongst the Japanese. Also the man responsible for fanning the Saito does not speak due to respect and even if it is raining the soldier still stands outside the premises as they are lower down in the hierarchy. 0 Did you like the film? Why or why not? Yes, I liked the film. The film did not have a right or wrong due to which it follows a unique and realistic approach based on individuals. Like more war films it is neither for nor against the war. By the end of the movie the viewer is less interested in the fact that who wins the war than about how the individuals will behave. 0 What adjective would you use to describe your reaction to the film? Why did you react this way? As rightly described by Clipton at the end of the film, the adjective that can be used to describe my reaction of the film is madness. Every individual in the film is inclined towards their own duty, order and chaos that they lose what really matters and what is most important. Emotions and orders have taken over the right or sane thing to do. The characters have hence led the situation to go out of hand. 0 In what ways can you identify with the movie, its characters and its message? The movie is more about the events surrounding the war rather than the battles and the fighting. These events have turned mortality, Judgment and sound thought around and have eventually lead to madness. There are various examples of this so called madness in the movie; the madness of Nicholson who says that working with the enemy is not going against ones country, the madness ot the American who accepts to return to a camp on a suicide mission where he escaped, nearly getting killed and he madness of a struggle the obliged men to make harsh decisions. Based on your knowledge of negotiations what do you think was going on? o What kind of dirty tricks were being used? Give 3 examples. Initially Saito used a forceful approach in negotiating with the Nicholson. Saito caused emotional (By cutting food supply and taking people from the hospital to work) and physical (When Saito slapped Nicholson and put him in the oven) means in order to persuade the soldiers to commence work on the bridg e. Saito underestimated his BATNA (Best alternative to a negotiated agreement). I feel that during the time of positional bargaining with Nicholson, ultimately carving under pressure and letting them out of the oven, Saito should have used his own soldiers for the bridge (Till such time Nicholson was persuaded to make his men work) and created discipline and collaboration among the workers for the timely completion of the bridge. I feel that there was little room for principled negotiation as Nicholson was not willing to do so. One of the dirty tricks used by Saito was that of threat when he warned Nicholson that if he does not order his troops to start work on the bridge he will be shot. Another dirty trick used by Saito in the initial part of the movie was that of Chinese water torture, signifying that he kept repeating his demands without bothering much about what Nicholson has to say. 6 The third dirty trick in the movie was when Saito asked the British soldier to meet with Nicholson for 5 minutes and tell him that if he doesnt order his officers to start work he will make the people in the hospital work. This was a bluff on Saitos part, even after hearing this Nicholson never changed his decision and the soldiers at the hospital were never made to work. What values are portrayed? Independence, cooperation, hierarchy, power, etc? The values that are portrayed in the movie are Independence, hierarchy, bravery, power, pride, patriotism, collaboration, leadership and commitment to duty. 0 How were these values portrayed? o Give examples of the type of behaviour that you base your answer upon Independence was shown when the American played on his life in order to esca pe from the Japanese camp in order to be free. Hierarchy can be seen by the Japanese soldiers to Saito when they remove their cap and bow to him, when they get him a raised platform during the time of his speech, y the guard to Saitos house has to stand outside even though it is raining and by the man responsible for fanning not speaking in the entire movie. These major differences in hierarchy and the soldiers accepting an unequal distribution of power indicates a high power distance index (PDI). Bravery has been shown by Nicholson when he did not give in even though Saito threaten ed him witn a gun hidden in the truck. Collaboration was shown by the soldiers once the bridge was the responsibility of Nicholson. This was not present when Saito is in charge of the bridge as stated by he British engineer when he was questioned by Nicholson what he would have done differently if this was his bridge. Because of the task-oriented approach of Nicholson and he planning ahead step by step which can be seen when he says this is the end of the agenda while meeting with Saito for discussion of the proposal for the new bridge, the soldiers were able to effectively collaborate. This suggests that Nicholson is from a linear Active Culture. Pride and patriotism can be seen when the British officers were marching in group and whistling. 7 Leadership was portrayed by Nicholson when the British soldier brought him food in he oven. Nicholson had not seen sun light for days, was weak and deprived of food and water but even then he was more concern about his officers than about himself. Commitment to duty was shown by Nicholson when he took over the responsibility of the bridge. He made the best and most efficient bridge possible, forgetting about the war and his loyalties. 0 Was there anything about the movie (sights, sounds, smells, colors, background scenes) that told you something about the culture that you were dealing with? What did you learn? The type of culture seemed to be a collectivist one. This can be seen rom the behavior of the society when the American escapes and reaches a village. 0 What does the movie tell you about the culture of the producers of the film? What about the film gives you this indication? The movie portrays glorification of western civilization in terms of perseverance and inventiveness, specifically the British. This indicates that the producer is from the British culture. Nicholson was able to circumvent Japanese commands due to his Engineers having the ability to construct a more technically sound bridge than the Japanese Engineers. 0 How do you think other audiences would react to this film? Why? I feel that other audience would feel that the film is more about the events surrounding the war rather than the battles and the fighting. These events have turned mortality, judgment and sound thought around and have eventually lead to madness. There are various examples of this so called madness in the movie; the madness of Nicholson who says that working with the enemy is not going against ones country, the madness ot the American who accepts to return to a camp where ne escaped, nearly getting killed and the madness of a struggle the obliged men to make harsh decisions.

What Is Symbolic Interactionism Sociology Essay

What Is Symbolic Interactionism Sociology Essay The increased interest to the problem of communication in sociology of the 20 century actualized, in particular, importance of understanding each other at differing positions, defining own views to the opposite.  Gradually in the sociology was formed an integrationists branch, that studied the integrity of the human I and his personal self-determination in microsocial environment. The term symbolic means that there is an emphasis on the sense which individuals put in their actions when they come into interactions with each other, and in this theory the society is considered from the standpoint of behavior of individuals involved in the interaction.  In other words, society can only be explained by considering the principles of human behavior, because only here can be found a significant symbol that defines the act of behavior.  Defining of a meaningful symbol takes place in the human consciousness, which is filled with meaning and knowledge from the outside world. General Principles Symbolic interactionism focuses on the analysis of the symbolic aspects of social interactions.  The basic principle of interactionism is that an individual perceives (estimates) behave in accordance with attitudes of other people, that is, a person is for himself the one, whom he presents to others in the social world.  Symbolic interactionists are united by not a rigorous theory, but a common vision of social process, defined as a process of development and changing social values, a constant definition and redefinition of situations, the interaction of their participants.  In the process of this redefinition is changing the objective (from the view points of interacting individuals)of the medium of social activities, because the world, according to interactionists, has a completely social origin. Different groups develop different worlds, which change in the process of changing the values in the course of social interaction. Symbolic interactionism is based on three basic premises: First that people react to the environment based on those values symbols, that they have in the environment. Second, these values (means of connection of events and characters) are the product of the social everyday interpersonal relations interactions. And finally, the socio-cultural values are subject to change as a result of individual perception within such interactions. (West, 2010) That is why   I and others form a unified whole, like society, which is the sum of the behaviors of its constituent members, but which imposes social restrictions on individual behavior.  Although theoretically it is possible to separate I from the society, interactionism comes from the fact that the first understanding is connected with an equally deep understanding of the second in terms of their interdependent relationship. Representatives of symbolic interactionism emphasizes that people are social creatures.  However, unlike ants, bees, termites and other insects leading a public life, people almost do not have the innate models of behaviors, that connect them with each other.  If we have essentially no inherent nature of the mechanisms of social behavior, how can society be?  Representatives of symbolic interactionism find the answer in the ability of people to communicate through symbols. (West, 2010) In the theory of symbolic interactionism a sign is any element of the medium, which is another element in this environment.  The signs are of two types: firstly, it is natural signs (such as discoloration of leaves), which represent something else (like the arrival of autumn); second are artificial signs, elements that were created (such as a flag) to represent something else in the social world, for example, patriotism and duty.  These artificial signs are only effective if people agree on their meaning, so that  they are interactive: two or more people must agree to continue to react to this sign in relatively constant manner. It is also necessary to distinguish signals from symbols: signals are artificial marks, providing a predictable reaction (such as traffic signals); and symbols are artificial marks that have no definite reactions (a flag).  Thus, the signals are used for regulatory policy of normative behavior in the society, and symbols are used to facilitate communicative behavior. Historical development of the Theory As a broad theory, symbolic interactionism appeared in the 20-s of XX century, in the Chicago school, its founder was an American sociologist George Mead.   George Herbert Mead (1863-1931) is an American sociologist and social psychologist, who is considered a true founder of symbolic interactionism.  Mead was known in his lifetime as a gifted lecturer, and author of numerous articles, publication and republication of his lectures and articles, as well as the fundamental work Mind, Self and Society (1934) brought him international fame.  He has developed a theory that explains the essence of the individuals perception of other individuals, and developed the concept of generalized other that is to some extent complementary to the theory of specular I.   In accordance with the concept of I, Mead believed that the emergence of human self as a holistic mental phenomena, in essence, is nothing else but social process inside the individual, in which he first pointed by I conscious and  I-like-object.  Further, Mead suggested that through the assimilation of culture (as a complex set of characters that share common values for all members of society,) the person is able to predict the behavior of another person and how this other person is predicting own behavior. According to Mead, I-as-object is something that people can call their own.  In this area, James identifies four components and arranges them in order of importance: the spiritual self, material self, social self and physical self. Another American philosopher and psychologist, who first began to develop a responsive self-concept was William James (1842-1910). James has made the first and very profound concept of personal I, considered in the context of self-knowledge, and he conjectured that the dual nature of the integral I, with many of his statements concerning the descriptive, and emotional evaluation of categorical I, anticipated the later developments of the idea of I-concept. (Meltzer 1975) As for other concepts of symbolic interactionism, we can name an American sociologist and social psychologist Herbert Blumer, who was a representative of the Chicago school of interactionism, referring to the second generation of symbolic interactionism, founded by J. Mead.  He further developed the original framework of symbolic interactionism. Bloomer was the first who interested in the problem of mass society. According to Blumer Symbolic interactionism rests on three basic premises: People are more likely to act according to the values that they attach to objects and events, rather than just react to external stimuli, such as social forces.  Symbolic interactionism suggests determinism of values. Values are not just fixed and formulated in advance, but more often are created and change in interactive situations. Values are the result of interpretations that took place in interactive contexts. (Nelson 1998) Significant attention in his works Blumer paid to collective behavior of people. Basis of collective behavior are common values, expectations, which are separated by a group of individuals.  However, it often can be observed a spontaneous collective behavior, like overflowing passion, panic, etc.  This behavior occurs in violation of established values, habitual forms of existence. Blumer distinguishes those forms of spontaneous behavior (such as Pounding, Collective excitation, Social  Infection), which under certain conditions can lead to new forms of group and institutional behavior: Acting crowd (a spontaneously formed group, without common values and expectations, there is no recognized leadership) Expressive crowd (emotional groups carnivals, ritual dance) Mass crowd (spontaneous collective grouping of people who are excited with some event) Public (spontaneous collective group, but in public individuals interact with each other, demonstrate the rational, critical action). (Nelson 1998) Although Mead has first formulated his ideas in 1930, symbolic interactionism has become an important part of the study equations of mass communication only in 1970, 1980.  Since Meade made emphasis on interpersonal interaction and not interested in media, it is not surprising that theorists of mass communication rather slow realized the relevance of his ideas in their research. Symbolic interactionism as the direction is not uniform, as it is possible to distinguish at least two schools.  The first is the so-called Chicago School led by one of the prominent scientists Cove J., Mead H., Bloomer.  This school continues to socio-psychological tradition of Mead in the most orthodox way.  It is opposed to the another Iowa school of symbolic interaction-mechanism, headed by M. Kuhn professor at the University of Iowa. This school is trying to modify several individual Meads concepts in the spirit of neo-positivism.  The main difference between these schools are in methodological issues, primarily in the definition of concepts and relationships to various methods of socio-psycho-logical investigation.   Among other representatives of the theory we can name Becker and Strauss members of the Chicago School of symbolic interactionism, who were interested in the procedural aspects of interaction.  Kuhn and Partlend are representatives of Iowa schools, and were more interested in stable symbolic structures.  To this generation also belongs K. Burke and Goffman, who explained social life as the realization of the metaphor of drama by analyzing the interaction in such terms as actor, mask, scene, script and so  on.  Moreover, Burke used the term theater, almost literally, while Hoffman was using theater and drama as metaspheres of society while preserving its spirit, but developing its own conceptual line. The modern theory of symbolic interactionism, as a direct expression of concepts of J. Mead, has practically the same advantages, shortcomings and contradictions of the J. Mead concept.  On the one hand, it is important to point interactionists effort to isolate the specific human traits in human behavior, the view on the individual as a social phenomenon, to find a socio-psychological mechanisms of identity formation in interaction with others in society, to stress active creative  personal traits of the individual.   However, the subjective idealist position of interactionists lead to the fact that all the social connections they see only in interpersonal communication, and while the analysis of communication they ignore the contents and the substantive work of individuals, not seeing that the process of formation of the personality includes not only the exchange of views, but more importantly, the exchange of activities. (Reynolds 1993) theory importance and Application The advantage of this approach is that it introduces people in the field of sociological research.  It directs attention to the activities of individuals in their daily lives and sees that people are not robots, mechanically carrying out the requirements of social rules and institutional norms, but leading the public life of beings with the ability to feel and think.  In the interaction they operate with symbols and values which enable them to evaluate and interpret situations of social life, assess the advantages and disadvantages of certain actions and then choose one of them. Thus, representatives of symbolic interactionism suggest the image of man as an individual, actively forming his behavior, rather than passively reacting to external environment and structural constraints. However, the approach of symbolic interactionism has its weaknesses.  In everyday life people do not have complete freedom in forming and changing their actions.  Although representatives of symbolic interactionism recognize that many human actions are guided by the established systems of symbols and meanings, including culture and social system.  Critics argue that the theory of social interaction based on the symbols makes an excessive emphasis on short-term situations and exaggerates attention to transient, episodic and temporary. (Reynolds 1993) Thus, the theory is applied to describe and analyze human behavior, as through the process of socialization people can more or less consciously interpret stimuli and expected responses. Conclusion From the perspective of interactionists, human society is composed of individuals with personal I, who themselves form norms and values. Individual action is a construction, not just a commission, as it is carried by the individual using the estimation and interpretation of the situation in the social environment.  Personal I am can serve as a persons target for his actions.  Formation of values is presented as a set of actions in which the individual sees the object, gives it value, and decides to act on this matter.  Interpretation of the actions of another is a definition of the value of certain actions of others.  From the perspective of interactionists, an object is not just external stimulus, but something that distinguishes man from the outside world, giving him certain value.   This theory explains how individuals interact with the environment and how behave in the process of socialization.

Effect of Greywater on Plant Growth

Effect of Greywater on Plant Growth Water availability in South Africa is integral to the economy, but South Africa is a water scarce nation. An alternate solution for household waste water, excluding toilet waste commonly known as greywater is to use it for irrigation in rural community gardens. This is likely to decrease the stress on the current potable water supply and simultaneously improve food security. Indigenous African leafy vegetables are a staple diet throughout Africa. A viability trial highlighted three out of six African leafy vegetable species; Amaranthus terere, Corchorus olitorius and Cloeme gynandra. Two treatments were used as suitable for trials of germination and growth under irrigation of tap water and greywater. Greywater treatments throughout the species decreased germination and seedling height was diminished. A. terere was the most robust to both the treatments as well as weather variability. Continuous investigation is needed to address the water scarcity and subsequent food insecurity. Keywords: greywater, irrigation trial, African leafy vegetables, germination and growth Introduction Water scarcity in South Africa is an issue that requires robust discussion and debate. If not addressed, it is likely to have serious consequences for both economic growth and the countrys population (Momba et al., 2006). Agricultural industry constitutes 12% of South Africas GDP. Even though this sector is decreasing, it is still water intensive. Without aviable water source, economic input in this sector is likely to have ramifications on the countrys health (Morel and Diener, 2006). Statistics show 65% of the country receives less than 500mm of rainfall per annum (Schulze, 1997). The level of water insecurity places pressure on the existing water resource for irrigation. This shortage is felt disproportionally by small-scale subsistence farmers and community gardeners. South Africa is one of twelve countries that have safe drinking in the world and is ranked third in this group. However, there are many rural communities with under-developed water supply systems or these communities lack access to potable water sources (Momba et al., 2006 and Mackintosh and Colvin, 2002). While the need is great these small communities, they account a small percentage of the customer base. This then fuels the vicious cycle of supply and demand. As a result alternative water sources need to be acquired to satisfy the demand. Grey water is likely to be a viable prospect to efficiently mitigate this deficiency (Alcamo et al., 2000). It consists of domestic waste water excluding toilet waste. The use of potable water is not needed for all consumptive practices, example irrigation (Alfiya et al., 2011). The main objective of finding alternative and sustainable water usage is to attain water security. Water insecurity is highly interlinked with food insecurity (Al-Jayyousi, 2002 and Blaine, 2012). Thus the use of greywater for small scale agriculture has the potential to address both water insecurity and food insecurity (Rodda et al., 2011). They are most usually harvested from the wild. This practice is a threat to the continued survival of these plants Cultivating African leafy vegetables would also address their conservation need (Momba et al., 2006). Indigenous African leafy vegetables are a part of the staple diet in South Africa (Momba et al., 2006). The challenge is to continue production of these vegetables without jeopardizing potable water supplies, but by utilizing alternate water source such as grey water as a means of irrigation. The concept of grey water had both advantages and disadvantages (Rodda et al., 2011). Reducing stress on the potable supply is a main benefit but there are drawbacks to using waste material to grow plants, households have different proportions of additives, thus may effect plant growth (Roesner et al., 2006). Whereas the risks are divided into three main categories; possible detrimental effects on the environment which decreases the ability for soil to provide plant growth, subsequent effects on plant growth and yield, and risk to human health (Rodda et al., 2011). The aim of this study was to determine whether irrigation with grey water had an effect on seed germination and seedling growth, and whether this effect differed with detergent formulation. The objective was to assess if grey water can replace potable water for irrigation of indigenous plants. It was predicted that seedlings under tap water-irrigated conditions would have a greater growth rate than under greywater conditions. It was further predicted that rate of germination would not be affected by the grey water. Materials and methods This investigation took place in 2 parts. This first was to assess the viability of the seeds and to select the species for further investigation. In the second, seed germination and seedling growth under grey water and tap water treatments irrigation were evaluated. Germination trials Germination trials were performed in the laboratory in the Biology Building at UKZN (Westville Campus). An initial experiment was conducted with six species (Solanum nigrum, Amarathus terere, Corchorus olitorius, Solanum villosum, Amarathus dubois and Cloeme gynandra). Germination was tested. The most viable 3 were chosen to determine the germinability of the three selected species of African leafy vegetables. Only viability was tested for as this was pertinent to the success of the actual trial. The viability criteria were the speed at which germination took place. This indicated the viability of the seeds and validates the ability to germinate under controlled conditions. The germination viability trial was conducted in the laboratory. Each of the three species (Cloeme gynandra; Amaranthus terere; Cochorus olitorius) had six replicates of ten seeds each. Seeds were placed randomly on filter paper in a Petri dish and a smaller piece of filter paper was placed over. They were watered with deionised water until moist. An equal number of seeds were placed under illuminated and dark conditions. These were then monitored every 24 hours and replenished with deionised water as necessary. Once germination had occurred and the radicle was greater than 1 cm, seedlings were moved to the left side of the Petri dish. This prevented recounting and recording. Percentage germination was recorded. Description of Species The initial viability trial revealed that the following three Kenyan species were the most viable. C. gynandra is commonly known as spider plant. It is used as a component of a high fibre diet and, from indigenous knowledge, has medicinal properties (Mauyo et al., 2008). A. terere is another widely grown consumable in East Africa (Nabulo et al., 2011). The final species used was Corchorus olitorius, Jews mallow, a dark green leafy vegetable high in protein which is consumed in most African communities. Irrigation Trial Trails of irrigation with greywater and tap water were then performed in the Biology greenhouse at UKZN (Westville campus). Synthetic greywater (10 l) was made up freshly weekly (Table 1). It was stored in the cold storage to impede bacterial and algal growth. Detergent products used to generate the greywater were representative of solid or powder detergent products typically used in lower income households, which are those most likely to benefit from the use of greywater for irrigation of subsistence crops. The flour, nutrient broth and cooking oil were used to represent carbohydrates, salts and proteins, and greases respectively in the synthetic greywater. Seedling trays (6) were filled with Berea red soil. For three days prior to planting, the seedling trays were watered with tap water and greywater respectively until they were saturated to field capacity. The seeds were then planted into seedling trays. Species were randomized per tray. Sixty seeds of each species were watered with tap water and the other sixty seedlings were watered with the synthetic grey water. For the first 14 days, trays were watered every 24 hours. Each seed was hydrated with 0.25 ml of either synthetic grey water or tap water. Thereafter, trays were watered every second day for the remainder of the trial. The experiment was repeated three time under three treatment groups; the first treatment group was tap water for germination and subsequent growth, tap water for germination and then greywater for growth and the final treatment of grey water throughout the lifespan of the plants. Height was measured weekly. Productivity was measured by destructive harvesting (dry mass production) at end of experiment. However plant height was gauged growth during the experiment. On two occasions there was death of seedlings due to severe weather conditions and this restricted the growth period. Since this investigation was over a short time span. The weather impacted the progress of experiment. Weather variability such as intense heat, humidity and berg winds, and strong rains affected the seedlings. Even though they were protected in the shade house, the extreme elements could have inhibited their germination and growth. Statistical Analysis The data were analyzed using SSPS version 19. Two sets of statistical analyses were performed. The first test was to show the difference between greywater and tap water in terms of growth (height). A Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was performed to test for normality. Levenes test for Equality of Variances was performed, the assumption homoscedasticity was violated but all other assumptions were satisfied. Since the data was not normally distributed a more robust Mann-Whitney U test was done, to evaluate the differences in germination for each species under the two conditions (greywater-irrigated and tap water-irrigated). An excel graph was then used to show the rate at which the all three species comparatively germinated in terms of the two treatments (greywater-irrigated and tap water-irrigated). Results Seed germination and seedling growth are gauged by the germination totality and seedling height measured weekly. Initial germination was 70% in tap water-irrigated seeds whereas as 45% in greywater-irrigated seeds. Figure 1 shows the totality of germinated seeds present over time for each of the three species. A. terere and C. olitorius had the highest totality under controlled laboratory conditions; C. gynandra seeds had the lowest survival percentage >40%. A. terere has the highest standard deviation, indicating the data is wide spread. Figure 2 the initial and final number of seedlings present per species and the treatment. Co. olitorius under the grey water treatment had the least number of seedlings that survived. This species also had the greatest difference between the treatments. A. terere had the greatest number of individuals that survived in both the treatments. The results of the Mann-Whitney U test rejected the H0 that there will be no difference between the two treatments, there is a significant difference between height of the three species per treatment. Therefore the distributions of height for each species across the treatments are different. Plant height differed significantly among the treatment (p < 0.05). Greywater -irrigated seedlings consistently attained a lesser height than tap water-irrigated seedlings across all species (Figure 3). Figures 3 indicate the difference in height between tap water irrigated and greywater-irrigated plants for each species. The standard deviation is shown as an error bar. Seedling height 18days after germination was lower in grey-water irrigated plants than in tap water-irrigated plants for all 3 species. A. terere had the largest standard deviation of tap water-irrigation with 10.197 whereas the greywater-irrigation treatment was 9.1197. C. olitorius which had a visibly lower standard deviation than A. terere tap water-irrigated treatment was 5.753186 and the greywater-irrigated treatment was 1.558646. Finally with the lowest standard deviation, C. gynandra tap water-irrigated treatment was 0.588196 and the greywater-irrigated treatment was 0.316563. C. olitorius had the greatest discrepancy for tap water-irrigated and greywater-irrigated. Discussion and Conclusion Africa, according to Morel and Diener (2006) is known as a water insecure continent. As adjustments are discussed on the efficient use of potable water, reusing waste water is seen as a possible solution. Alternative irrigation methods are needed for progress. Greywater is a possible alternative water source, however contrasting evidence in Morel and Diener (2006) indicates that the potential drawbacks, even though greywater is less contaminated than other waste water. Untreated greywater contains solid particles, pathogens, grease and oils, salts, and chemicals. According to Rodda et al. (2011) these impurities could have negative effects on soil quality, ground water supply and human health. With such strong findings there are studies that have shown greywater reuse as a viable alternative to 100% potable water. Greywater has been implemented a cost-effective means to reduce domestic water levels. According to Morel and Diener (2006) greywater reuse produced average yield, with decrease in water usage and fertilizer requirements. In both Cyprus and Israel domestic water used was reduced by effective greywater management schemes (Moral and Diener, 2006). In this study, greywater-irrigated seeds and plants consistently yielded poorer germination (Figure 1 and 2) and growth (Figure 3) of three species of African leafy vegetables. The germination trial (Figure1) yielded a higher percentage of germinated seeds than the outdoor irrigation trial. This is possibly due to the controlled, pathogen-free environment in the laboratory. Cited by Pinto (2010) experiment alternate watering regimes of potable water and greywater resulted in the growth of the plants very similar to 100% potable water. This is a means to mitigate the soil health risks related with greywater reuse. Even though Pinto (2010) had no significant change of plant biomass in the control and treatment, it differed in this investigation. Figure 2 indicates that A. terere were unable to acquire a high germination percentage in grey-water irrigated treatments but acquired the highest tap water-irrigated germination percentage. Hence the treatment of greywater-irrigated seeds affected their ability to germinate, with initial germination at 70% in tapwater-irrigated seedlings whereas as 45% in greywater-irrigated seedlings. The best germination in greywater-irrigation was observed by A. terere, possibly reflecting its resilience under a wide range of conditions as mentioned by Nabulo et al. (2011). Cl. gynandra had an average of  ±7% greater tapwater-irrigated seedling germination than greywater- irrigated seedling germination. Conversely Co.olitorius had the greatest variability between tapwater-irrigated seedling germination than greywater- irrigated seedling germination. Since a significant difference was calculated, greywater does effect the germination of seeds and subsequently the amount of germinated seeds able to grow. A possible factor in poor survival of both tap water- and greywater-irrigated seedlings, in addition to weather conditions, is nutrient depletion. Berea red sand had a composition of 62.68% SiO2 which is generally used and is nutrient poor (Okonta and Manciya, 2010) Since a watering regime observed, nutrients to the plant was not considered. Other nutrients found in soil are needed for healthy growth. Seedling trays were used to separate species and keep difference treatment uncontaminated but after the 2 week germination period, nutrients are need for plant growth. Each seed had  ± 18cm2 of Berea red soil, this soil consists of 12-64% and 15-57% of fine and medium sand respectively (Hamel, 2006). Water holding capacity of the soil is thus diminished due to porosity. This could have exacerbated the depletion of nutrients in the volume of sand thus leading to their inability to withstand weather variability. Soapy residue may have contributed to poor performance of the greywater-irrigated seeds and seedlings. Mataix-Solera et al. (2011) point out that the detergents in greywater cause soil water repellency of soil. It can be argued that greywater might be an interim solution, but posed long-term effects that might not be easily remedied. Soapy soil could cause hydrophobic soil properties which have poor water hold capacity. This could have hampered the germinated seeds shoot from emerging through the soil due to the coagulated surface. An alternate solution can be found according to Pinto (2010), where altering water regimes between grey water and potable resembled the results observes in 100% potable water. The pH levels remains similar between water regimes. In household greywater system the proposal ceramic pot filter is used this eradicates the large particles. Another caveat of this investigation is changing the watering regime. Initially seeds are watered every day until germination which is  ± 10days and then changed to every alternate day. Since plants are sensitive to change, the watering regime should be carefully monitored in conjunction with weather patterns. This ensures a smooth transition for the seedlings. According to Roesner et al. (2006) household waste contains 2500-5000 chemicals which if used as greywater could cause coagulation at the soil surface. More organic products could be used to reduce the amount of chemicals in the greywater (Al-Jayyousi, 2002). Pre-treatment of greywater and limiting its used only to salt-tolerant crops could allow wide use of greywater for irrigation (Al-Jayyousi, 2002). In this investigation germination of all three species was diminished under greywater-irrigated conditions, this being said with calculated changes to the experiment, greywater could possibly be a viable option in the future. An observation was made during the experiment, refer to appendix image 1 and 2 of A. terere, the leaf colour in greywater-irrigated treatment was lighter than the tap water-irrigated treatment. Image 3 and 4 also exhibit the same phenomenon in C. gynandra. Cultivation in Jordan of different crops yielded a similar observation, this was attributed to the solids and increased salinity of the greywater (Al-Jayyousi, 2002). Although the results obtained conclusively show that greywater does effect the both the germinability of the seeds and subsequent growth. It is recommended that seeds should not be irrigated with grey water, possibly increasing the percentage of seed germination. Organizations such as the Water research council are investigating innovative ideas to alleviate the pressure on South Africas stressed water system. Primary greywater systems in community gardens should be not be implement immediately rather as in Pinto et al. (2010) a combination of greywater and tap water should be used. This will relieve the possibility of failing crops. Social and environmental sustainability are interlinked which fuels the economy. Water is an integral part life and therefore should be continuously well-managed. Further research is necessary as water scarcity and availability still threatens food security around Africa.

Flipping Pages While Drinking Coffee Essay -- Personal Narrative Books

Flipping Pages While Drinking Coffee I never really got into the world of coffee shops – especially a coffee shop/bookstore all in one. When I used to think of Barnes and Noble, I thought of people like my cousin who is somewhat snobbish and would spend her evenings there reading and drinking her coffee. The other type of person that seemed like they would fit there is, I guess what one would call, a â€Å"bookworm† or â€Å"nerd.† I know that seems a bit harsh, but one tends to get stereotypes of things that are unfamiliar to them. Through visiting Barnes and Noble I realized that my assumptions were entirely wrong. There were very few snobbish-looking people there. A gentleman who works at Barnes and Noble said that one of the main reasons he likes working in the coffee shop is because of the huge diversity among the people that go there. By visiting Barnes and Noble I realized that the atmosphere and the many things that they offer are what draw in a wide variety of patrons. The first time I went was to meet with a group of fellow students to work on a project. We went around 9:30 at night. After I entered their wooden doors, I looked around. Off to my right was an area that contained magazines, to my left - the checkout counters, and straight ahead was a multitude of books followed by Barnes and Nobles most distinguishing feature, the Starbucks coffee shop. My friend and I walked to the coffee shop and purchased a juice. I then said I would go find a place for us to sit. I figured this would give me a chance to look around. The first thing I noticed was the children’s books area. It is a large area in the back corner of the store. Of course I had to walk through it. It contained many books, but also a small ta... ...are like neighbors. The experience of coffee and music is the conduit, with the environment being the foundation. But it comes to life by the connection between our people and the customer.† As you can see by this quote Barnes and Noble stresses the idea of their environment being conducive to a place where really anyone can come and feel comfortable. It is a place that offers many things. In my eyes it offers a place where one can go, simply to buy a book, or to sit and read it while they drink a cup of coffee, if that is their fancy. It offers an atmosphere that is friendly and relaxing, while also offering a feeling of refinement. The atmosphere pulls you in, and allows you to let yourself be comfortable there. Once you combine all of their features, it becomes a place where anyone, no matter what they are looking for can go to enjoy themselves.

Dr. Martin Luther King Jr - Dr. King and the Dream :: Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. Essays

Dr. King and the Dream The world saw him as a marching protest leader, an activist, spokesman, civil rights leader, and the conscience of a nation. With keen and sensitive insight, he so eloquently proclaimed that a profound social and human predicament faced our nation and the world. However, some of his greatest messages to us were not preached from a "mountaintop" before millions, but from a little pulpit back home at the Ebeneezer Baptist Church. Dr. King once said, "before I was a civil rights leader, I was a preacher of the gospel. This was my first calling and it still remains my greatest commitment. Just one month before an assassin's bullet found him, Dr. King went back home. For so long, he had lectured and preached to others about the magnificent dreams of unity, brotherhood, hope, and justice. He had taken his messages to the uttermost parts of the world and met with kings, queens, popes, rabbis, and archbishops. But now he was home for a time of reflection, reunion, and rest. This sermon was different. In this sermon, "Unfulfilled Dreams," he preached from the eighth chapter of first Kings and talked about its "cosmic significance because it says so much in so few words about life." It tells the story of King David, who had a dream to build a great temple to honor the Lord, God of Israel. Although the temple was never completed, God blessed David because the dream was in his heart. In this sermon, Dr. King talked about the shattered dreams of Mahatma Gandhi who dreamed about the independence and unity of India as one great nation moving toward a higher destiny. Gandhi labored for years through nonviolent revolution hoping to realize his dream. But the dream was shattered because the nation that Gandhi wanted so badly to unite was riddled with conflict between the Hindus and Moslems. President Woodrow Wilson dreamed of a League of Nations but died before the promise was delivered. The Apostle Paul dreamed of carrying the gospel to Spain but instead ended up in a prison cell in Rome. While reading this sermon, I remembered my own dream, that my children would never see the inhumanity I saw, would never feel the injustice I felt, nor would they taste the bitterness of bigotry that consumed this nation when I was a child.

Essay --

Pharmacokinetic (PK) modelling plays a critical role in drug discovery and clinical pharmacotherapy of several types of drugs. PK modelling and simulation approach have been widely use to explain and predict PK profile of a drug. Several PK simulations are employed to measure estimated therapeutic window, dose selection, and to identify mechanism of action of chemicals and their metabolites in various tissues throughout the body. This integral component of drugs development process can be employed to investigate hepatic deposition of substrates. The data generated from such trial may be used to predict substrate deposition in vivo or to extrapolate deposition from animal to humans. For instance, measurement of transhepatic extraction in the isolated perfused rat liver permits assessment of hepatic clearance in vivo as the product of extraction and hepatic blood flow, assuming the flow is known. Hepatic clearance can them be predicted across mammalian species through incorporation of extraction into physiologically based PK models (Dedrick, 1974). There are different approaches to ph...

Nonverbal: Woman and Victoria Essay

All types of communication interaction involve two major components in terms of how people are perceived: verbal, and nonverbal. These cues such as facial expressions, posture, verbal intonations, and other body gestures accompany our words in order to create a clear message. Every person is continuously communicating even when they are not saying a word, thus, it is possible to send an exclusively non verbal message but it is not possible to send an exclusively verbal message. Nonverbal cues in the interaction are always more powerful indicators of what a speaker means and what the speaker feels because non verbal cues have not been learned and therefore are not manipulated. In the movie Victor Victoria, nonverbal cues are used to emphasize the gender of characters. There are certain nonverbal cues that accentuates a woman. One example from the movie is Victoria’s long hair. Long hair in the 1930’s was how a woman was identified. Toddy cuts Victoria’s long hair to create the illusion that she is man. Along with a woman’s long hair, their breast were also a symbol of womanhood. Victoria is asked to wrap her breast as well as walk with her chest sticking out to emphasize that she is man, because walking with their chest out was a mans way of showing confidence. In a scene in the movie Victor is going to say cheers before drinking and he is laughed at because traditionally women are the one’s that cheer before drinking. Another gender based nonverbal cue is in the nightclub, during performances the women dance and the men are in the orchestra. It was normal for the women to be dancers in that era because a woman is built a lot more flexible so manipulating their bodies is easier although there are exceptions. A characteristic that separates men and women is pride. Although I am not saying women do not have pride, men are willing to go above and beyond to protect their pride; an example of this is when Toddy accepts the ride back to their hotel even though in reality they were not staying in a fancy hotel. Victoria tries to deny the ride in order for their lie not be discovered. Toddy accepts the ride to show off that they’re wealthy even if they are not. This scene in my eyes is one of the great barriers that distinguishes men and women. In addition to the things that accentuates a woman, there also exist the things that accentuates a man. For example the way men greet each other. I man greeting another man would simply shake hands, but a man greeting a woman would kiss her hand. There is also the nonverbal cues of what a gay man should look like. In this movie we have the bodyguard, and the boxer who are two gay men but King Marchand refuses to admit it due to the nonverbal cue that they are both strong men. Also, when the gangsters think that King Marchand they try to get rid of him by paying him off because gangsters can’t be seen as gay because they are usually strong feared men. Nonverbal cues are used in this movie to emphasize the socio-economic class of the characters. In the opening scene of the movie we see Victoria singing, we automatically know she is poor by the clothes she is wearing. She has a broken glove, and no fancy jewelry. This nonverbal cue was intended to demonstrate that she is a struggling singer. In a later scene we see Victoria walk by a restaurant and see a fat man enjoying a large variety of pastries. The size of the man is intentional and is what let’s the audience know that he is wealthy because he obviously eats a lot of pastries which only a rich man could afford in this time period. Overall I must say that nonverbal cues account for most of the perceptions of things that we have. In this movie the nonverbal cues play a large part in demonstrating to the audience who these characters are. Whether the nonverbal cue represents gender of economic level, it is safe to say that the nonverbal cues are all intentional created to create a clearer message throughout this movie.

Tenet Healthcare Scandal

groundwork Over the years, the wellness caution industry has bear up underne through and through an exponential growth despite the atrocious market pressure. tenet health vexation passel is among the some(prenominal) brass sections that the splutter for a dress in the healthcare industry (Klaidman, 2010). However, this struggle has contri scarceed to a series of sub judice and honest indignations that put up largely changed the reputation of the partnership. establish on theoretical and pr cultivateical explanations, this root word attempts to critic exclusivelyy analyze one of the around recent crap involving doctors at article of faith healthcare who carried appear supernumerary partiality surgeries on patients.An Overview of the lodge This play along was ceremonious in 1967 under the scream subject area Medical Enterprises by three equityyers and headquartered in Los Angeles, atomic number 20. In its early years, the business indemnification of th e go with was mainly foc utilize on edifice and acquiring health check exam facilities and regain function in order to send the growing checkup examination demands in the saucy market. In the late 1980s, the ships fellowship modify into specialty infirmarys such as building nursing homes, and rehabilitation c introduces among new(prenominal) developments (Klaidman, 2010). doctrine wellnesscare before the s fuckdalFollowing a series of dupery and legitimate troubles, the play along changed its name to tenet healthcare union in 1994 whose headquarters is ground in Dallas. tenet healthcare operates a progeny of hospitals and other healthcare facilities that are mandated to provide health care services to its customers. It is essential to disc all everyplace the services provided by belief health care are conducted through its subsidiaries (Klaidman, 2010). teaching health care alliance owns and operates 69 acute-care hospitals, which provides services to urban communities in 13 states, in the unify States.Some of the services provided by the company imply acute care, respiratory therapy services, clinical laboratories, direct and recuperation rooms, pharmacies and intensive care (California Nurse, 2002). The interlocking of the company in recent legal and pecuniary troubles has contributed to the falling of shares of dogma healthcare, from over $50 a share in 1994, to $8 a share today. The af elegant of the company in a spinning topic of s goatdals contributed to the reduced profits in the 1990s. Nevertheless, a number of hanges in the management of the company following the ap rankment of Jeffry Barbakow as the heading executive in 1993 contributed to the recovery of the company (Klaidman, 2010). For six years, doctrine Healthcare batch tried to consolidate its position in the healthcare industry by purchasing hospitals around the country. This move contributed to the strong recovery that saw tenet healthcare s ave up itself from a $425 zillion loss in 1994 to a $302 million profit in 2000 (Taylor, 2005). The un undeniable Cardiac Procedures Scandal Individuals or firms who knew roughly, participated in or condoned the fashion.Several individuals were linked to the crap and specifically the physicians who were recruiting patients by wagesing them. This means that closely of the employees and especially physicians knew about the scam. Moreover, tenet had been perform poorly in terms of finances, and this has been noned to be one of the reasons that prompted the corporation to enrol into corrupt deals. During the past decade, belief Health consider potbelly stove has faced grimes pertaining to legal and financial matters. Its intellectual image had been tarnished, and thus a number of its customers were compelled to seek medical services elsewhere.Moreover, it had influenced the number of uninsured citizens and reduced employer insurance cover. This gave rise to an excess num ber of individuals who were unable to cater for their medical services and hence resulted in a significant move in beliefs market. The scandal erupted in October 2002 following allegations from hundreds of patients who believed that many of the flavor operations done to patients at the Redding Hospital, in California were un obligatory. subsequently a series of investigation, it was make that Dr. Chae Moon and his counterpart Dr.Fidel Realyvasquez had allegedly carried out a number of cardiac procedures that were neither necessary nor indicated in the reports of over 700 patients. How was the scandal open and by whom The scandal was uncovered when one of the patients, John Corapi, a 55-year old priest visited Redding Medical oculus in California for a medical checkup. later consultation with Dr. Moon, Corapi was told that he posited an emergency list of money bypass cognitive process. However, Corapi was not satisfied with the recommendation make by the 2 doctors (Tay lor, 2005).It was at this point that he decided to seek for to a greater extent whim from five cardiologists who gave him a different effect from the one given by the devil doctors at tenet Healthcare crappers Redding Medical Center. fit in to the cardiologists, Corapi did not affect a emotional state military operation contrary to the opinion given by the doctors at the Redding Medical Center. After reportage his fiber to the FBI, the federal authorities revealed that, hundreds of medical records of surgical patients did not support the need for surgery procedures (The Spark, 2002).Furthermore, when the scandal was uncovered, it was revealed that many patients had suffer victims of unnecessary cardiac surgeries that left them with complications. According to Klaidman (2010), many patients suffered from a myriad of complications including stroke, heart attack and paralysis. As a result, many of the patients who had undergone unnecessary surgery now require assisted living and 95 of the patients succumbed to ending. For that reason, the plaintiffs marchd belief Healthcare Corporation for fraud, negligence, battery and older abuse, since most of the patients ranged mingled with 65 to 90 years of age.Additionally, the estates of the 95 patients who died sued the company for outlawed deaths (The Spark, 2002). Once the scandal was discovered, the investigation of FBI broker led by Michael Skeen invaded article of faiths Redding Hospital that is based in California. The FBI found out that most of the patients who were required to undergo cardiac operations had not to the full qualified. In light of this, a number of the patients hearts were in superb condition. After the FBIs probed, it carried further probing with an aim of authenticating the robustness of the truth concerning the matter before pickings further action.What did they do with the information they uncovered? The information gathered by the FBI was used to sue the physician allegedl y associated with the scandal. tenet as a corporation was not charged. It gave the California State together with the federal regimen over $50 million (Bejjani et al. , 2006). Additionally, precept Healthcare withal leave an additional $395 million to over 700 patients in order to fabricate litigation for the unnecessary surgeries (Taylor, 2005). How did the company reactedThe need to change its image led to a number of reactions from the company. First, the company reacted by stating that, it was not maked in the scandal based on the point that, it was the doctors who were responsible for healthcare and not the hospital. In this field of study, it implied that only the patients implicated were under investigation and not the hospital (The Spark, 2002). It can be mentioned that, the company had nurtured a culture where fraud could easily be perpetrated without any expert actions macrocosm underinterpreted.Following this scandal, the affected patients received their compen sation. On the other hand, the company decided to sell Redding Medical Center which was later renamed Shasta regional Medical Center (California Nurse, 2002). Despite the concomitant that the scandal involving article of faith Healthcare Corporation did not preclude sinful or complaisant charges against individuals, the company concord to pay the fine in order to settle the allegations poised in the unnecessary heart surgery scandal. This implies that there was no civil runnel in this case.According to Currier and Eimermann (2010), civil exertion refers to a mash of law minutes where the judge makes a deliberation about who wins. In this case, the judge examines the evidence provided in order to make a ending on whether the defendant should be held legally responsible for the allegations put forward by the plaintiff (s). Civil cases usually involve civilians and organizations. On the other hand, a flagitious trial refers to a royal lawcourt of law proceeding that is intended to settle felonious cases.In this case, the presidential term can sue a person on allegations of certain felon activities. Additionally, the justice remains to be a principal aim of criminal trials, as opposed to civil trial, which usually seek to achieve a resolution to the contravention (Currier & Eimermann, 2010). With that said, there was no civil trial following the decision by the company to pay a fine to the establishment and the state of California and later an great amount as compensation to the affected patients.Even though, this scandal was revealed in 2002, it is said that it had taken place since the early 1990s. Therefore, many batch became victims of this scandal (Taylor, 2005). First, the main stakeholders were directly or indirectly affected by the allegations based on how it painted badly on the corporate image of the company. Additionally, over 700 patients and their families were subjected to emotional, psychological and financial problems. The huge charges for the heart surgery required patients to pay a hand of money in the form of medical bills (Klaidman, 2010).The shareholders were also affected because the share of the company dropped from $50 per share in 1994 to $8 in 2002. Lastly, the competitiveness and professional qualifications of the two doctors were also questioned thus making it rough for them to secure employment in the coming(prenominal) (The Spark, 2002). The case of doctrine Healthcare Corporation signifies the negative implications of scandals on the management of an organization. As mentioned earlier, the company has been burdened by financial and legal troubles callable to its involvement in a number of fraud and scandals.In the end, the company suffered from the loss of humankind trust, investors confidence and tapered financial performance. The future of the company depends on how it go out use its past in order to redesign its present as the second largest company in the US healthcare indu stry. How practically money did the plaintiffs receive, other engagements As mentioned, reimbursement was made available to the government, patients and their love ones. Towards the end of 2004, dogma agreed that it would pay the patients who had been victims of the unnecessary heart surgeries over $395 million. Do you feel it was fair?There confound been many instances of corporations deciding to continue life-threatening practice because they calculate that not all of the number of people injured give bring legal action. Furthermore, the people who sue are not guaranteed a mastery in court or can be settled out of court, for furthermost less than a jury will award. With that said, no amount of money can bring the dead back. I think that the amount was not a fair one due to the fact that those doctors knew what they were doing. I do not agree with the reimbursement and I do not think the amount was fair because the families of the victims had to face a visual sense of pain .Some of the pain and suffering Immediate expenses associated with the death (medical & funeral), mental anguish to the survivors, Companionship, Loss of care and Loss of earnings in the future. understate Tenet Healthcare formerly was named bailiwick Medical Enterprises, ranks as the second largest hospital chain in the coupled States. The organization owns about 114 acute care hospitals and connect businesses in 16 states. Boasting with over 57, 000 active personnel and over 13, 000 aware hospital beds, Tenet Healthcare Company is a force in the fall in States healthcare delivery industry.Awarding doctors with financial incentives as payment for their support has been ruled out under the states ascetical laws however, the marketplace cites this as a necessary form of clinching and maintaining that support. Tenets hospitals arise accused of paying doctors for referring clients to them as a means of keeping their support. Illegal behavior The illegal behavior was its defraud ing of its stakeholders who came to seek medical treatment (Wynne, 2008). The doctors admitted excessive numbers of patients being fully aware that their capacity was lower.The doctors were also aware of the poor conditions in the hospitals but still went ahead to admit patients. In what type of court was Tenet Healthcare tried? The Tenet Healthcare scandal trial took place at the independent Court of Appeal in St. Louis Indiana, (circuit court) (Browers, 2012 & The federal Reporter. , 1997). All the trials including subsequent appeals took place in Court of Appeals, in St. Luis, Indiana United State The case was forwarded to the superior court in San Diego under the presiding attorney, Carol C. lean where Tenet subsidiaries were indicted, while Nazaryans case was filed in the U.S. District Court (Wynne, 2007). After the case broke out, The national say-so of Investigation (FBI) broke into one of Tenets hospitals in San Diego, the Alvarado Hospital, and charged its decision ma ker of 10 years. The charges were brought against Tenet Healthcare In the authorized indictment, Tenet Healthcare was capably accused of fraud that was inclusive of illegitimately admitting psychiatric patients to the institutes and hiking their charges (inflating the cost of admission and brass section of medicine (Wynne, 2007). Provide key exposit about the trial and provide a timeline of key trial events.After the raiding of the Redding hospital by the FBI agents in October 2002, it was revealed that Tenet Healthcare Corporation performed inappropriate and unnecessary surgeries on patients and also overbilled patients beyond the standard Medicare rates. As a result, a legal accommodate was initiated against the Corporations. The trial pitted Federal government of the United States versus Tenet Healthcare Corporations. As alleged by the government, the Corporations admitted patients who did not define for admission in rehab facilities.This took place amongst May 15 2005 an d December 31 2007. Besides this inappropriate admission, they were charged with soliciting elevated Rehabilitation fees. This was the qui tam claim that allowed William Meshel and human beings Tai to establish a legal suit against the Corporation on behalf of the Federal government. In May 2006, Tenet went to court to dismiss these claims. Did Tenet Healthcare enter into a plea bargaining agreement? If so, to what charges did he/she plead inculpatory? If not, what were the closing charges? Did they differ from those in the buffer indictment?What was the verdict? After the government push aside the claims of the appellate since they had zero impact on the pre-existing investigations of the government, an agreement bargain was reached with the government but the other suit remained pending. The other settlement between the government and Tenet Healthcare concerned 165 hospitals nationwide. A summary judgment was moved on April 2007, which included the appellant as the origina l bloodline of the case. The summary judgment was made in favor of the Federal government.As a result, Tenet accepted to pay the fines of overbilling of Medicare indoors its facilities after pleading culpable to the charges. What was the judgment of conviction? Did you feel it was fair? Justify our position. Tenet Corporation was guilty of overbilling, but the appellant who established the suit were unqualified to do so on the terms of qui tam. This was exclusively because they did not possess independent and original knowledge of Tenets ambidextrous activities and practices in Medicare. Consequently, Tenet had undertaken the responsibility of reparations of modify to both the government and its patients.This sentence was not fair. Tenet had more liabilities on top of Medicare overbilling. A large number of its patients died due to unnecessary surgeries and rehabilitations. The appellant, acting in the public interest, had the duty to make their case hear for justice to be d one, something which the district court denied and dismissed. Did they differ from those in the original indictment? What was the verdict? They did not differ much from the original indictment in that they were the aforesaid(prenominal) issues that were evidenced in the first indictment overbilling and malpractice.The verdict was arrived at after Tenet pleaded guilty of overbilling its Medicare and admitting stable patients into the rehabilitation facilities. Tenet Healthcare Corporation was, therefore, found guilty of overbilling its medical services. It was also found that the qui tam of the two appellants was not tenable due to the fact that they were not the primary source of such information. The information was already in the public domain when they moved to court. Did Tenet Healthcare appeal? If so, on what one thousand did he/she base the appeal?Tenet Healthcare corporations did not appeal in this case since it had passed a compromise with the government to pay the fines, an action that was supposed to redeem the image of the health care welkin and to serve justice to the victims. Did Tenet Healthcare have mens rea and actus Reus? Justify your position Yes. This is because they had agreed to settle the fine, which is a sign of accept that their activities were not acceptable and went against the law. They, therefore, accepted the obligation of their profit-driven actions.The general basis for imposing financial obligation in criminal law is that the defendant must be proved to have airted a guilty act whilst having had a guilty state of mind. The corporal elements are collectively called the actus Reus and the accompanied mental state is called the mens rea. Moreover, it is the fundamental duty of the prosecution to prove both of these elements of the offense to the rejoicing of the judge or jury beyond reasonable doubt. In the absence of such proof, the defendant will be acquitted.According to Cheeseman (2010) actus Reus is guilty act, which is the actual performance of a criminal act and mens rea is evil intent the obstinacy of the requisite state of mind to commit a prohibited act. What constitutional protections do your subjects have? Equal protection and right to appeal for the accused and plaintiff, by the case brought against either party (Mann, 2008). The Tenet criminal trial encompasses several cases and conspiracies charged against the Tenet Healthcare Corporation. References Brown, G. (2012). The trait & style blast to leadership. Houston Chronicle.Retrievedfrom http//smallbusiness. chron. com/trait-style-approach-leadership-21103. hypertext mark-up language Cashen, L. H. (2009). Pressures for the creation of a more independent board of directors inthe post-restructuring period. Academy of score & Financial Studies Journal,1357-72. DATAMONITOR Tenet Healthcare Corporation. (2011). 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Tenet Healthcare scandal Part of a health care system that kills forprofits. Retrieved on 12 September 2012 from http//the-spark. net/np692605. html. California Nurse, (2002).Tenet Healthcare the seamy si de of a dysfunctional system. California Nurse, 98(8)6-8. Currier, K. A. , & Eimermann, T. E. , (2010). Introduction to paralegal studies a criticalthinking approach. New York Aspen Publishers. Klaidman, S. (2010). Coronary A True Story of Medicine Gone Awry. New York Simon &Schuster publishers. Taylor M. , (2005). Tenet settles Redding case. Modern Healthcare, 21, 35(47)20. The Spark (2002). Tenet Healthcare scandal Part of a health care system that kills for profits. Retrieved on 12 September 2012 from http//the-spark. net/np692605. html.